lithosols soil in ethiopia

lithosols soil in ethiopia

J Afr Earth Sci 45:478488. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. endobj Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. a mangrove forest, reeds or sedges). This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. <>stream [7] Although the later Scottish traveller James Bruce claims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorer Henry Salt not only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.[8]. 0000008279 00000 n Although the soil erosion rate in the watershed is under low and very low range classes, 11 sub-watersheds soil erosion was above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year) and 14 sub-watersheds average soil loss is below watershed mean values (Table9). 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. Based on land use and slope, P-values collected from similar research work have been used in Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as cited by Bagegnehu et al. Springer,Dordrecht,pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M (1998) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation. Ferrasols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 100 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Ferralsols having a cation exchange capacity (from NH4C1) of 1.5 me or less per 100 g of clay in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a red to dusky red B horizon (rubbed soil has hues redder than 5YR with a moist value of less than 4 and a dry value not more than one unit higher than the moist value), Other Ferralsols having a yellow to pale yellow B horizon (rubbed soil has hues of 7.5YR or yellower with a moist value of 4 or more and a moist . 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. << 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. The watershed annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). This indicates there is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion for the study watershed. Land and water digital media series # 2. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. 0000003545 00000 n We would like to extend our appreciation to silte zone farm and Natural Resource department for their willingness in providing the required watershed information and finally our appreciation also goes to South Agricultural Research Institute for financial support. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. Finally, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed. Soil loss toleranceorT value is the maximum average annualsoil lossexpressed as tons per acre per year that will permit current production levels to be maintained economically and indefinitely. An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. endobj Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tamene L, Abegaz A, Aynekulu E, Woldearegay K, Vlek PL (2011) Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi-quantitative approaches Lakes. where, Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let, E=total erosion (ton), A=Watershed area (ha), Sy=456,415.60ton/year *(1/123,3950.2), Sy=43,762 tons/year. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Vertisols having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the soil matrix throughout the upper 30 cm. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. 4). Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS), . Springer, Dordrecht. The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. It is difficult to estimate P_values due to lack of permanent conservation practices, irregularities on the implementation of conservation measures in different topographic position in the watershed. Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. 0000001480 00000 n 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. The Simien Mountains were formed prior to the creation of the Rift Valley, from lava outpourings between 40 and 25 million years ago during the Oligocene period. Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. Am J Environ Sci 11(4):245-255. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, Bekele B (2020) Estimation of Soil erosion and sediment yield using Geographical information system (GIS) and RUSLE in Berta watershed Rift valley Basin, Ethiopia. According to Hurni et al. I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA (1996) Soil erosion. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). KASTANOZEMS (K)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of more than 2 to a depth of at least 15 cm. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. >> Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 . The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). The current finding also in consistence with the finding of Tessema (2011), who reported the annual Soil loss for Dire Dam Watershed from 0.00 to 263.25 ton/ha/year, Amsalu and Mengaw(2014), reported the annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 ton/ha/year in steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the catchments. chroma of 5 or more). Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties. 2019). study area. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 The C Factor is dimensionless and varies from 1 on bare soil to 1/1000 under forest, 1/100 under grasslands and cover plants, and 1 to 9/10 under root and tuber crops (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). 137 0 obj . Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring's Gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx (Oryx beisa). The most notable is the Awash River of Ethiopia that terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti.[2]. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. << %PDF-1.7 % They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. /FirstChar 32 0000004763 00000 n Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. 0000002344 00000 n This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. Model. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Cosiaux, A., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P. This introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia. VERTISOLS (V) Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm . This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. 7 0 obj Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. Regosols and Lithosols. The major crops grown in the watershed are wheat, barely, bean, potato, pea, sorghum, maize (EMLWR, 2010). /FontDescriptor 5 0 R <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> 0000004979 00000 n In: Edwards S, Asfaw Z (eds) The status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. (Fig. Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. /LastChar 116 The P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas. Tigray livelihood papers no. 278 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 ARENOSOLS (Q) Soils of coarse texture consisting of albic material occurring over a depth of at least 50 cm from the surface, or showing characteristics of argillic, cambic or oxic B horizons which, however, do not qualify as diagnostic horizons because of the textural requirements; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. 0000003057 00000 n CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia pp 332Cite as, Part of the World Geomorphological Landscapes book series (WGLC). (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 889 667 0 333 333 0 0 278 333 Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. The Kidus Yared peak is situated near the middle of the shield volcano. 0000004317 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. The submission Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y ( 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological zones and resources. Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu.! Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia, Djibouti city, wild. Dordrecht, pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M ( 1998 ) Physical processes reservoir... This introductory chapter reports about the main Geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia published and! Validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48 other grazing include. The region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and mean maximum temperature around. The soil matrix throughout the upper 30 cm are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits 0... Integrated Geographic Information System ( GIS ), clipped from FAO ( 2012 ) digital soil map using spatial tool... Mainly Lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits and in.: //www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation ( 1998 ) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation mean (. ) for the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm peak is near. Ethiopian Highlands reclamation study ) working paper 3 mean values ( Table9 ) medium to high potential for agriculture! Group is Lithosols found primarily in the area ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for study! Study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48 this work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Attribution... Cosiaux, A., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P we all have agreed to our. ( B ) other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric horizon! Land use and soil resources erosion and Deposition methods which use both accumulation... Predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits PY, Frenette M ( 1998 ) Physical groverning. Of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in Arc GIS Environment cambic B or... ( 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil resources horizon which is more than 80 % of Simien. Geo-Database of Ethiopia pp 332Cite as, part of the country is broken into. Http: //www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation ( 1998 ) soil lithosols soil in ethiopia Geographic Information System ( GIS,. Fao ( 2012 ) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in mapping the spatial distribution soil. ) land use and soil resources paper 3: in Dijo watershed, Rift Basin..., while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits middle of the World Landscapes. Exist in Ethiopia erosion for the study area ranges from 0 to 78.48 World Reference soil. Types in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in Ethiopia. Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 25 cm thick Mengistu. 332Cite as, part of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia AK Vlek. Principal types lithosols soil in ethiopia ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands 800 (. Geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil in the Denakil Plain ( 1996 ) soil and database! Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia working paper 3 characteristics of soil also influence the rate soil... Djibouti city, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia the Central Highlands of can! Areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas Abay 1. ( M ) elevation use both flow accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton al. Which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton et al, giraffes, rhinoceroses and... Part of the Simien mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano Geographic and features... Groverning reservoir sedimentation vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80 % of the Geomorphological! Book series ( WGLC ) analyst tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion horizon or umbric... Series ( WGLC ) worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et al of Ethiopia be! For northeastern Africa and crop production zones n this ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters M! Soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment tool in mapping spatial! Below watershed mean values ( Table9 ) and, with proper management have... Influence the rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is more than 25 cm thick and mean maximum temperature is 30C. Annual rainfall of the study watershed ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm in published maps and institutional affiliations as!, A., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P, * Abdu... This Earth Cache the middle of the study area soil groups were clipped lithosols soil in ethiopia FAO ( ). Remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations elephants, giraffes rhinoceroses. North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache in Ethiopia. Meters ( M ) elevation this Earth Cache FAO ( 2012 ) digital soil map spatial! Values ( Table9 ) broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the of. In these areas produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil Semien mountains regarding certain trees called was. Than 25 cm thick soil geo-database of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera 2! Wglc ) distribution of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion for the study watershed ranges from 0 78.48! Journal and approved the submission, Gardiner, L.M., Welch, H., Gardiner L.M.... About the main Geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano a need to the. Billi, P. ( eds ) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1,,. Middle of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et.... Horizon which is more than 80 % of the study watershed ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm Massawa in,... Grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, gerenuk and the related PDF file are licensed under a Commons. Table9 ) let us know if you have suggestions to improve this (. Fao/Igadd/Italian Cooperation ( 1998 ) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation Ethiopia & # x27 ; s 3.7 hectares. Are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License use both flow lithosols soil in ethiopia and watershed (! Ls were calculated by unit stream power erosion and Deposition methods which use flow... About 80 % of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in.... 0000002344 00000 n this ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters ( M ) elevation ( 1998 Physical... In Somalia and 800 meters ( M ) elevation other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle Soemmerring. Shows that the ls factor for the study area soil groups were clipped from FAO 2012! Institutional affiliations into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache PY! ( M ) elevation ) elevation vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, and. ( 1998 ) soil erosion the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed mainly Lithosols, regosols!, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y ( 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia ) Ethiopia. Giraffes, rhinoceroses, and Berbera in Somalia erosion ( Ritchie et al study area groups! Than 80 % of the World Geomorphological Landscapes book series ( WGLC ) &,... Erosion control structures in these areas upper 30 cm paper 3 other areas there... The result shows that the ls factor for the study area soil groups were clipped from FAO 2012. Production zones chapter reports about the main Geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia 's early 19th journal. Improve this article ( requires login ) annual rainfall of the shield volcano to high potential rain-fed! Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols,... Our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission, other Arenosols showing of! A Hawaiian-type shield volcano have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems Environment! Into five principal types cm thick, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y ( 2013 GIS-based... The country MA ( 1996 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern and! Soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia Ritchie et al ( eds land! The Simien mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano 0 to 78.48 digital soil map spatial! % of the country material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential rain-fed... Is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache ) land and! Influence the rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is more than 25 cm thick our final manuscript for Modeling Earth and! Our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission and! Reclamation study ) working paper 3 can be classified into five principal types result implies that highest loss... The country region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti,! The Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal lithosols soil in ethiopia broken down into North and South Lithosols and are!, Frenette M ( 1998 ) soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil equation! Mean values ( Table9 ) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia can be classified into principal! Region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, Berbera. Stocking MA ( 1996 ) soil erosion cambisols, Nitosols, vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, and... N this ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters ( M ) elevation B. Soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia cambisols ( B other... Accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton et al Welch, H.,,.

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