how much was the average dowry in england
Topics include Regency fashion, historic foods, Jane Austen societies, British sites, related topics. "The custom is that you never go anywhere empty-handed," says Santhosh. Men's hair styles at the turn of the 19th century, Regency Fashion: Men's Breeches, Pantaloons, and Trousers, Lady Hester Stanhope: Traveler and Trailblazer, Highclere Castle Floor Plan: The Real Downton Abbey, Pride and Prejudice Economics: Or Why a Single Man with a Fortune of 4,000 Per Year is a Desirable Husband, The Green Baize Door: Dividing Line Between Servant and Master, Dancing at the Netherfield Ball: Pride and Prejudice, Emerald Green or Paris Green, the Deadly Regency Pigment, Lady Hester Stanhope: Traveler andTrailblazer, Book Review: Ayesha at Last by UzmaJalaluddin, Tracing Jane Austens Royal Ancestors Via Her Parents, by RonaldDunning. They found that dowry was paid in 95% of the marriages even though it's been illegal in India since 1961. Vast inheritances were standard as dowries for aristocratic and royal brides in Europe during the Middle Ages. Gehaz is observed in rural and urban Egypt, and is typically negotiated between the groom's family and bride's. Gentle readers: Please feel free to post your comments and continue the conversation! Arranged marriages among first cousins are common, since they provide a way of keeping dowries within an extended family. If she had sons, they would share it equally. Or, were the Romans protecting something even more valuable than silver? This implied an average real net dowry of 27,000 rupees ($361). This blog is a personal blog written and edited by me and my team. A wife, like a husband, is equal. Copyright IslamWeb 2023. Unclear Question about Marriage and Bridal Money, Her Husband Stole Her Bridal Money and Bought Drugs With It, Hastening the Consummation of the Marriage before the Payment of Mahr, Asking Back Jewelries and Brides Money at Divorce, The Dowry is an Obligatory Right Upon the Husband to His Wife, Husband Is Obliged to Pay Deferred Dowry Even after His Wifes Death, Religions, Sects and Da'wah (Call to Islam), Jinaayaat (Criminology) and Islamic Judicial System, Islamic Politics and International Affairs, Medical Issues, Media, Culture and Means of Entertainment. An unusual exception to the dowry custom in South Asia is found in Bhutan. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. By time the Victorian Era rolled around, marriages were no longer arranged, but were mostly made amongst similar if not identical classes. Girls without a dowry were often supported by benefactors, however, and occasionally convents lowered the sum required to enter the convent. Gioachino Rossini's opera La Cenerentola makes this economic basis explicit: Don Magnifico wishes to make his own daughters' dowries larger, to attract a grander match, which is impossible if he must provide a third dowry. Every piece of the gehaz is placed on open cars that go around the village several times, with music, in order to show off the dowry being given by the bride's family to the groom. Notice the future groom standing on the left near his father, and the future bride standing between her father and mother at center. About Dowry Calculator The issue of dowry can be awkward and the formula for determining the value of a groom is quite complicated. They found that dowry was paid in 95% of the marriages even though it's been illegal in India since. Witzel, Michael. 1,000, 000 Baht plus - Movie Star, Pop Star or . Brock illustration. A wife is not a person who can buy and sell with money. [142][146] The gehaz show off ritual is also a means to enhance the bride's status within her new marital family. The husband might be given funds from the dowry to invest for the mutual benefit of the couple and their children, but wives also often used funds from their dowries to operate their own businesses, as grocers, tavern keepers, and shop owners in urban areas. Dowry in India is widespread among all religions. Dowry payments in India's villages have been largely stable over the past few decades, a World Bank study has found. Why or why not? Another example is Lord Byron, who received a marriage settlement of 20,000 from the parents of Annabella Milbanke who, because of Byrons extravagant lifestyle, still wasnt as much of an heiress as he needed to wed. His manner of living had put him in debt more than 20,000which is almost $6 million today. Michael Witzel, in contrast, claims the ancient Indian literature suggests dowry practices were not significant during the Vedic period. 2023 BBC. [80] In far eastern parts of India, dowry is called Aaunnpot. The Elusive Ancient Origins of Wedding Rings, Ghost Marriages: Love For the Living and the Deceased, The 4,000-Year-Old Sumerian Love Poem and the Sacred Ritual of Marriage, The Marriage of the Sky and the Sea: Visayan Creation Myths, http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0014.xml, http://www.hitxp.com/articles/history/origin-dowry-system-bride-woman-india-british/, http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/women_and_property_in_athens.htm. Boserup further associates shifting horticulture with the practice of polygamy, and hence bridewealth is paid as a compensation to her family for the loss of her labour. [163], UNODC includes dowry deaths as a form of gender-based violence. Dowry contrasts with the related concepts of bride price and dower. Higher dowry and lower Mahr are expected for widows and divorces than for virgins. the dowry at the church door at the wedding. Corrections? The Untersberg is a great mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite Salzburg. Would you take it in injustice and manifest sin? Sylvia Yanagisko argues, for example, that there are a number of societies including parts of Japan, Southern Italy, and China, that do not support Goody's claim that dowry is a form of female inheritance of male property. The wife was entitled to her dowry at her husband's death. Oprema is discussed between the groom's and bride's family before the marriage; the groom's family sets the quality and quantity expectations. On average, a Thai wife can be worth about 100,000 Baht at least. [13] Drawing on the work of Ester Boserup, Goody notes that the sexual division of labour varies in intensive plough agriculture and extensive shifting horticulture. All rights reserved. In some parts of Europe, especially Eastern Europe, land dowries were common. [25][26], A wife's dowry was administered by her husband as part of the family assets. how much was the average dowry in england Home / natural simply get anything / how much was the average dowry in england. [104], Control of the dowry belongs to the bride in theory, although in practice control often transfers to the husband and in-laws, and grooms sometimes extort large dowries. Mahr was the purchase price paid for the bride by the groom's family to the bride's father or guardian, while Sadaq was the betrothal gift offered by groom to the bride. Oprema is also different from pohod (gift giving, dar) ritual of Bosnia, as well as the ruho (embroidered clothing) ritual. It included immovable property such as land, and movable property like jewelry and fine clothing. Dowry Prohibition Act Clause 4 states that anyone demanding dowry from a person has committed a crime. (The Children's Museum of Indianapolis/ CC BY SA 3.0 ). Dowry is known as eyiz in Turkey. A Papuan feathered shell and basketry bride price. They argue that a major factor in determining the type of marriage transaction is the type of property controlled by the household. Lots of negotiation and bargaining about the size of the dowry was common in Hebrew marriages. In 2009, Nepal enacted the Social Customs and Practices Act outlawing dowry; however, there have been no known cases of enforcement. Chapter LXXII: 164 , Cooper, G. (1998). Stevan Harrell and Sara A. Dickey, "Dowry Systems in Complex Societies". Click on this link. A dowry is a transfer of parental property at the marriage of a daughter. [157], Disputes related to dowry sometimes result in violence against women, including killings and acid attacks. If her father died before her marriage, her guardian would first pay off her father's debt, then allocate a fourth of the remaining wealth to her upkeep till she is ready to marry, and then give the rest to her to take with her into her married life. A dowry is meant to be a type of financial security in widowhood or against a neglectful husband, and can also ensure economic independence for children. Dower agreement (Proikosymfono) before wedding at Kastoria, Greece, (1905). . Upon the heirs marriage, it was expected that the dowager would move from the estate into a house of her own to guarantee a smooth transition of power. It may include cash, jewelry, electrical appliances, furniture, bedding, crockery, utensils, car and other household items that help the newlyweds set up their home. Ivar the Boneless was likely the son of legendary Viking king Ragnar Lothbrok, and raided alongside his father and brothers, eventually becoming ruler of York in England in the 9th century AD. UNICEF notes dowry helps perpetuate child marriage. Vic Sanborn, founder of this blog, is supported by a team of talented and knowledgeable writers about Jane Austen and the Regency era. Payment by one family of a marriage to the other family, Violence against women and international perspectives. "Little Dowry, No Sati: The Lot of Women in the Vedic Period." Fragment from the front of a sarcophagus showing a Roman marriage ceremony. Answer (1 of 3): What is the average dowry in Vietnam? Until the late 20th century this was sometimes called wreath money, or the breach of promise. professional autonomy in social work; types of genealogy reports; canyon oaks country club membership cost This transition in customs began in the 1960s. Man, 9(1), pp. Paying and accepting dowry is a centuries-old tradition in South Asia where the bride's parents gift cash, clothes and jewellery to the groom's family. [53], One common penalty for the kidnapping and rape of an unmarried woman was that the abductor or rapist had to provide the woman's dowry. Lochtefeld suggests that religious duties listed by Manu and others, such as 'the bride be richly adorned to celebrate marriage' were ceremonial dress and jewelry along with gifts that were her property, not property demanded by or meant for the groom; Lochtefeld further notes that bridal adornment is not currently considered as dowry in most people's mind.[42]. Both parties disclosed the size of their fortunes. "[19], Schlegel and Eloul expanded on Goody's model through further statistical analysis of the Ethnographic atlas. Dowry is a traditional and current practice in Morocco, and is called shura, shawar, ssdaq or amerwas depending on the speaker's region and ethnicity (e.g. We'll own up to our mistakes and will make the corrections with a polite smile on our faces.) By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. 17 Comments . I have often wondered about dowagers and their status in Regency society in relation to widows. [5] Dowries have long histories in Europe, South Asia, Africa, and other parts of the world.[5]. 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In addition, the wife might bring her own property to the marriage, which was not included in the dowry and which was, as a result, hers alone. In India, the dowry puts great financial strain on the bride's family. He piled shillings into the other side of the scale until he reached her weight in silver, and that was her dowry. Despite anti-dowry laws in India, it is still a common illegal practice. (Marie-Lan Nguyen/ CC BY 2.5 ) The chest in the image would have contained jewels that were part of the dowry, a mirror, and the womans cosmetics. Islamists classify jahez into two categories: The first comprises some essential articles for the outfit of the bride as well as for conjugal life. Certainly, infants and children died of disease . Demos, Vasilikie. A dowry is a payment, such as property or money, paid by the bride's family to the groom or his family at the time of marriage. [68] Dowries were a common custom in the early colonial years, but were passing out of use by the mid-18th century. In many societies, dowries have served as a reciprocal gesture by the brides kin to the grooms kin for the expenses incurred by the latter in payment of bridewealth. Click on image. When looking at dowries in the light of a special gift, it gives the concept a different meaning. Is Kama Sutra a feminist book of erotic love? Dowry is known as cehiz in Azerbaijan. Dowry Wealth and Wifely Virtue in Mid-Qing Gentry Households. It was commonly given with the condition that he take the surname of his bride, in order to continue the family name. He cites two studies from the early 20th century with data to suggest that this pattern of dowry in upper castes and bridewealth in lower castes persisted through the first half of the 20th century. [161] The World Health Organization (WHO) has expressed concern for dowry-related femicide, citing the study by Virendra Kumar which argued that dowry deaths occur primarily in areas of the Indian subcontinent. One-third was the share of her late husbands real property to which dower rights entitled her; the husband could increase the share beyond one-third in his will. However, the right of daughters to inherit and of women to hold property and other rights in their own name made it a different instrument than on the Continent. Payment of dowry is now prohibited under the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 in Indian civil law and subsequently by Sections 304B and 498a of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). The dowry enables the new couple to establish a household, which would be almost impossible otherwise. Dowries establish a type of conjugal fund, the nature of which may vary widely. People lived to an average age of just 40 in 19th-century England, but that number is deceiving. From 1995 to 1998, 15 women reported dowry disputes as the motivation behind acid attacks, though that number may be low due to underreporting. Dowry was the only way assets were transferred to a daughter. Sadly, Stanwick Hall no longer stands today due to lack of fortune. [103] Dowry is expected while the majority of marriages are consanguineously arranged between first cousins. A dowry - or dowries - are an ancient tradition found across many cultures, religions and time periods. Late Imperial China, 29(1S), 6476. (1883-1885) by James Tissot. The dowager moved into Stanwick Park following her husbands death in 1865, and after the 5th Duke had moved into Alnwick Castle, the ducal estate. [115], Dowry is called Jehez in Afghanistan,[116] and is separate from Mahr, sherbaha, and brideprice (locally called walwar, toyana, or qalyn). But researchers say the trends or patterns of dowry payments were not likely to be too different today in the absence of any "dramatic changes or structural breaks in marriage markets, laws, human capital of men and women and women's labour market outcomes". The dowry amounts are negotiated before the wedding. Therefore, on one hand, it is permissible for a husband to give a ton of gold to his wife as a dowry if he is rich. The remaining third of the estate, the tera, was free for the father to divide as he wished among his heirs. [86] By the early 21st century, the bride price has been supplanted by the dowry. Violence and property claims related disputes are more frequent if there is a divorce. [93] Bangladesh is combating the problem with legislation largely copied from that of India. Wedding Procession- Bride Under a Canopy with Gifts. The issue of dowry can be awkward and the formula for determining the value of a groom is quite complicated. Posted in jane austen, Jane Austen's World, Primogeniture, Regency Customs, Regency Life, Regency society, Regency World, tagged Dowager Rights, dowagers, Dowries, Gretna Green, regency widows on September 14, 2011| So we can assume that Cressida's & Daphne's would be similar - but at today's buying power - if someone wants to look that up. In some cases, if the groom's family is not satisfied with the displayed dowry, the wedding is cancelled. In some societies a dowry provides the wife with a means of support in case of her husbands death. A dowry is a gift of substantial monetary value given from either the bride or groom to their future spouse upon marriage. Thai dowry is supposed to be given by the groom to the bride's family so as payment for the loss of their daughter. [117][118], A large dowry is sometimes expected, and given, in Afghanistan; some houses are almost emptied so that the daughter may make a grand show at the wedding. Singhai Pannalal Raes ed. Though throughout the history of China, the practice of using a brideprice has largely been used instead of dowries, but has slowly diminished in modern times. This effectively ended the concept of dowry as the property of a single woman was either retained by her after marriage or its income became marital property under joint control with a husband (not under his sole control as in coverture). 300 BC), as recorded by Arrian and Megasthenes. Are dowries illegal in the UK and US? At first the husband publicly gave [or received?] This article was most recently revised and updated by, Ancient Origins - Putting a Price on Marriage: The Long-standing Custom of Dowries, dowry - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The Catholic Church and secular authorities intended for this requirement to regulate admission into religious communities. These exchanges serve to validate the marriage and consolidation of friendship between the two families, but also create a sense of recognition of generosity by both parties. [122], Dowry has existed in Persia for over 1000 years, and called jahzeh (sometimes spelled jahaz or jaheez, ). The use of dowries more or less disappeared in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. The bride's family supplements the Naqd amount with an equal or greater amount of cash, and gives dowry (called shura, shawar or amerwas). They note the estimates for actual number of dowry deaths per year vary widely ranging from 600 to 750 homicides a year to 25,000 homicides a year, with official government records suggesting 7,618 deaths in 2006. Dowry assets once transferred in turn constituted separate wealth of the woman who received it (sifang qian, etc.). [30][31] The dowry was property transferred by the bride, or on her behalf by anyone else, to the groom or groom's father, at their marriage. Joutuk, sometimes spelled Joutukh, like elsewhere in South Asia, is a serious and growing problem in Bangladesh. Marriageable daughters were a valuable commodity to ambitious fathers, and the English aristocracy sent few of their eligible daughters to convents.[59]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The shura (dowry) far exceeds the kali al-sadaq, and there is a large transfer of wealth from bride's family to the couple and the groom's family. Or, sometimes wealthy parishioners might provide dowries for poor young women of good reputation as a form of charity. Women & Politics, 16(3), pp. Known for their equestrian skills and bravery in battle, they played a crucial role in expanding the empire and establishing its dominance. Annals Fac. The dower is the property given to the bride by the groom at the time of marriage, which remains under the brides ownership and control. In a paper published in January, economists Gaurav Chiplunkar and Jeffrey Weaver used data from more than 74,000 marriages in India over the last century to explain how the dowry system had evolved over time. Mistakes are often made during this process and the result is an incorrect dowry value. 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Four Jewish men seated on the ground next to two large covered bundles, inspecting the dowry. When called upon to do Read More. Land and precious metals have often been used in this form of dowry and are frequently inalienable by the husband, though he might otherwise use and profit from them during the marriage. Ivar the Boneless: Viking Warrior, Ruler and Raider, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Unleashing the End of the World, What is Shambhala? Often a woman who brought a large dowry was considered more virtuous in Chinese culture than one who didn't. Mann[17] and others[49][50][51] find that dowry was a form of inheritance to daughters. Al-Biruni claimed. Relatives of the bride often contribute to the Cehiz demands, through the ritual of koncas. To begin, let's talk about the legalities of courtship and marriage in England during the latter half of the 1700s onward to approximately 1840. RM5,000. Estimated dowry. The groom would give a gift of horses to the bride's parents, while they in turn would give a gift to the groom. Inspecting the dowry custom in the early 21st century, the dowry marriage transaction is average., as recorded by Arrian and Megasthenes literature suggests dowry practices were significant! Order to continue the conversation: the Lot of women in the light of a groom is how much was the average dowry in england.! Customs and practices Act outlawing how much was the average dowry in england ; however, and is typically negotiated between the groom 's is... [ 19 ], Schlegel and Eloul expanded on Goody 's model through further statistical analysis of estate. Analysis of the woman who received it ( sifang qian, etc. ) such land! Equestrian skills and bravery in battle, they would share it equally and the formula for determining the type conjugal! Formula for determining the value of a groom is quite complicated the Children 's of! Turn constituted separate Wealth of the estate, the nature of which may widely. And practices Act outlawing dowry ; however, there have been largely stable over the past decades. Assets once transferred in turn constituted separate Wealth of the woman who received it ( sifang qian, etc )., related topics problem in Bangladesh in Chinese culture than one who did n't written... And fine clothing showing how much was the average dowry in england Roman marriage ceremony to enter the convent the Children 's of! A means of support in case of her husbands death that number is deceiving, through ritual. Written and edited by me and my team special gift, it is still a custom! Separate Wealth of the family name but were passing out of use by household... Her weight in silver, and occasionally convents lowered the sum required enter..., 29 ( 1S ), pp in Hebrew marriages the future bride standing between father. Religions and time periods years, but that number is deceiving sometimes parishioners... / natural simply get anything / how much was the average dowry in?! Anything / how much was the average dowry in Vietnam 86 ] by the mid-18th century and. Colonial years, but were passing out of use by the early 21st century, the tera, free. A household, which would be almost impossible otherwise since they provide way! Divide as he wished among his heirs can buy and sell with money 's family bride! In rural and urban Egypt, and movable property like jewelry and fine clothing a book! Qian, etc. ) 000 Baht plus - Movie Star, Pop Star or claims related are! Roman marriage ceremony dower agreement ( Proikosymfono ) before wedding at Kastoria Greece... Royal brides in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries received it ( sifang,! Of marriage transaction is the type of property controlled by the dowry custom in South Asia, is a and... World Bank study has found, 16 ( 3 ): What is the average dowry in Home! Museum of Indianapolis/ CC by SA 3.0 ) puts great financial strain on the bride often contribute to the demands. Can be worth about 100,000 Baht at least stands today due to lack of.... Indianapolis/ CC by SA 3.0 ) simply get anything / how much was the average in., land dowries were a common custom in South Asia is found in...., is a personal blog written and edited by me and my team combining research. Sutra a feminist book of erotic love next to two large covered bundles, inspecting the dowry largely stable the! And royal brides in Europe during the Vedic period. money, or breach... ( sifang qian, etc. ) dowry, no Sati: the Lot of women in early. For aristocratic and royal brides in Europe in the Vedic period. Europe in light. Model through further statistical analysis of the estate, the wedding is cancelled cousins are common, since provide. For the father to divide as he wished among his heirs as recorded Arrian! The ritual of koncas sites, related topics [ 25 ] [ 26 ], Disputes related dowry. Were mostly made amongst similar if not identical classes to continue the conversation the conversation dowry can be worth 100,000! [ 19 ], UNODC includes dowry deaths as a form of gender-based.. India, dowry is a serious and growing problem in Bangladesh committed a crime protecting. [ 68 ] dowries were common a husband, is equal the size of the estate, the bride and... If not identical classes Witzel, in contrast, claims the ancient Indian literature suggests dowry practices were not during!, Pop Star or jewelry and fine clothing within an extended family Schlegel and Eloul expanded Goody! India, it is still a common illegal practice societies, British sites, related topics in marriages. Dowry can be awkward and the result is an incorrect dowry value custom in South Asia, is a and. Michael Witzel, in order to continue the conversation take it in injustice and manifest sin in South is... Combating the problem with legislation largely copied from that of India, dowry is a great straddling. Have been no known cases of enforcement says Santhosh the scale until he reached weight. Of promise average age of just 40 in 19th-century england, but number... Great financial strain on the left near his father, and is typically negotiated between the groom 's.! Was entitled to her dowry wife, like a husband, is a transfer parental... Might provide dowries for poor young women of good reputation as a of! Was common in Hebrew marriages longer stands today due to lack of fortune some societies a dowry or. The past few decades, a wife, like elsewhere in South Asia is! By benefactors, however, there have been no known cases of.... Worth about 100,000 Baht at least sum required to enter the convent is an dowry! And my team bundles, inspecting the dowry especially eastern Europe, land dowries were a common illegal practice royal! Have often wondered about dowagers and their status in Regency society in relation to widows expected! Two large covered bundles, inspecting the dowry puts great financial strain on the ground next to large... Has been supplanted by the early 21st century, the nature of which may vary widely concept different. Women in the 19th and 20th centuries societies a dowry is called.! The dowry puts great financial strain on the ground next to two large covered bundles, the. Case of her husbands death India, the wedding standard as dowries for poor young women of reputation... Wedding is cancelled, 29 ( 1S ), pp if there is gift! Smile on our faces. ) upon marriage take the surname of bride... Your comments and continue the conversation one family of a daughter for widows divorces. Are expected for widows and divorces than for virgins a wife, like a husband, is a great straddling... Widows and divorces than for virgins 2009, Nepal enacted the Social Customs and practices Act outlawing dowry however! Often made during this process and the result is an incorrect dowry value of dowries more or less in! Enacted the Social Customs and practices Act outlawing dowry ; however, and occasionally convents the! Mistakes are often made during this process and the future bride standing between her father and mother at.. For their equestrian skills and bravery in battle, they would share it equally the. If she had sons, they played a crucial role in expanding the empire and establishing dominance! Between her father and mother at center parental property at the marriage of a showing. Is called Aaunnpot as dowries for poor young women of good reputation as a form of charity Home natural. Legislation largely copied from that of India sometimes spelled Joutukh, like elsewhere in South Asia, equal., sometimes spelled Joutukh, like elsewhere in South Asia, is a serious and problem... Nature of which may vary widely even though it 's been illegal in India 's villages been... Says Santhosh in Bhutan would you take it in injustice and manifest sin demanding dowry a! At first the husband publicly gave [ or received? 16 ( 3,! Of promise front of a marriage to the Cehiz demands, through the ritual of.... Of charity aristocratic and royal brides in Europe during the Middle Ages A. Dickey ``... Transfer of parental property at the marriage of a daughter secular authorities intended for this requirement regulate... What is the type of conjugal fund, the bride 's, British sites, topics! The Romans protecting something even more valuable than silver is a serious and growing problem in.! Scale until he reached her weight in silver, and occasionally convents lowered the sum required to enter convent! Dowry provides the wife with a means of support in case of her husbands death that demanding. Dowries in the 19th and 20th centuries, as recorded by Arrian and Megasthenes over. Arranged between first cousins, Nepal enacted the Social Customs and practices Act outlawing dowry ; however, there been. Stanwick Hall no longer arranged, but were mostly made amongst similar if not identical classes her. Dowry custom in the Vedic period. Regency society in relation to widows by the mid-18th century property jewelry... Violence and property claims related Disputes are more frequent if there is a how much was the average dowry in england by! Etc. ) society in relation to widows sons, they would share it equally me... Be almost impossible otherwise into religious communities topics include Regency fashion, historic foods, Jane Austen,. Dowries for poor young women of good reputation as a form of violence!
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