how to become a cult specialist
She is a co-author, with Mario Di Fiorino and Steven Kent, of Costretti ad amare. Keep a polite distance so you are not made into an "enemy" of their group, which can be potentially dangerous in tight knit communities or remote towns. www.dallascult.com; (214) 607-1065, Wendy Duncan, MA, LBSW, has a Masters Degree from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary and is a licensed social worker in the state of Texas. Top: Trump supporters hold a QAnon sign at a rally on Jan 5, 2021. You must decide whether to entrust this process to a trained and licensed professional or an unlicensed lay expert. Select books that have stood the test of time, as well as reviews by peers in the field. Note: Never assume that such a title (e.g., cult specialist, consultant, or cult expert) is an indication of professional competence. Over the years she has participated in numerous TV-programs and radio-programs to spread awareness about cultic groups and processes. She has been working with cult-involved clients and their families for over 20 years and gives lectures to students and professionals on this topic. What are their professional credentials, if any? Dr. Whitsett also has a specialty in Sexuality and was awarded a Fulbright Specialist Scholarship in 2016 to study, teach, and do research on this topic in China. Dylesia Barner, LCSW, is a licensed clinical social worker and a second-generation adult survivor. Abusive relationships-where one person intentionally controls, manipulates, and exploits another-usually include psychological, physical, and/or sexual abuse. Her lecture series focused on children born and/or raised in cultic groups with a special focus on issues of human rights. In 2006, he was awarded The Herbert L. Rosedale Award, jointly with Dr. Paul Martin, for their psychological research on undue influence. [2] [3] Ross has intervened in more than 500 deprogramming cases in various countries. He's also the founding director of the Freedom of Mind Resource . In1989, Lorna and Bill received the Hall of Fame Award from the authentic Cult Awareness Network and, in 1999; they received the Leo J. Ryan Award from the Leo J. Ryan Foundation. In 2011, the World Mission Society Church of God in New Jersey filed a lawsuit in Virginia in response to accusations that the group was a religious cult that destroys families, ruins marriages, and takes all of the members time and money. In 2009, she received the Margaret T. Singer Award from ICSA. She believes recovery from cultic groups requires the exercise of free speech, through which former members take the narrative back, reclaim their voices and thus, their identities. [See: What is a cult? These may, in fact, include religion scholars who have become known as cult apologists (cult defenders). Belonging. She became interested because of a family members involvement and a subsequent successful intervention. Some cult experts are licensed mental health counselors, while others have no formal training in counseling.Helping someone leave a cult and deal with the aftermath requires a lot of counseling. Education. He established ICSAs online resource (1995-2013), and has presented 50 programs about hypnosis, inner-experience, trance-induction techniques, communicating with cult members, conversion, cult intervention, exit counseling, intervention assessment, mediation, religious conflict resolution, thought reform consultation, eastern groups, transcendental meditation and workshops for educators, families, former members and mental health professionals at ICSA workshops/conferences. Talking with new hires, consultants, and advisors will . Since 1992, she has been Associate Director of the New England Institute of Religious Research (NEIRR) and MeadowHaven, where she has worked with former cult members, including some who have experienced profound trauma. If you want to contact a cult expert, you can do so via any of these links. ICSA Today, Vol. 860 717 4400, Steve K. D. Eichel, PhD, ABPP, ICSA President, is Past-President of the American Academy of Counseling Psychology and the Greater Philadelphia Society of Clinical Hypnosis. She also worked at Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center in Ohio during Dr. Paul Martins final illness. Lorna joined ICSAs Board of Directors in November 2003. What is their religious affiliation or perspective, if any? A published author and classically trained painter, she specializes in work with trauma and creativity, with cult-related trauma of particular interest. Dr. Dubrow-Marshall is a Consultant in Clinical Hypnosis (advanced certification) with the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis and is certified by the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Institute. For instance, some Institutes are merely one-person efforts. Having the perspectives of a survivor and a mental health provider, she is passionate about raising awareness about spiritual abuse and how to counsel those who are experiencing or have experienced it. When researching cult experts, you should also use YouTube as one of your sources. With experience comes the opportunity to advance into management or supervisory positions. She is a psychologist in private practice in Oslo and is currently working on her memoirs. Phone: 931-450-4392. In 2014, she volunteered to interview defendants who were being, or had been, threatened by cultic litigation for an ICSA study on free speech, and reported on their experiences. Editor of the online journal of SOS Abusi Psicologici, Manipulation and Abuse http://www.abusievessazioni.it/; she is an expert for the Criminal Court of Udine in the branch of education, with a specialization in criminology and problems related to cultic affiliations; Italian Co-correspondent for ICSA Today. During the past 10 years he has specialized in Bible-based communal groups and aberrational Christian groups. A mental health day is a great time to get that haircut you've been putting off or to visit a dermatologist to address your skin concerns. As is the case inany other profession, thisfield of work has its share of charlatans, angry loners, self-proclaimed experts, and the like. This model is explained in the ICSA Book on Cult Recovery in a chapter entitled Relational Psychoeducational Intensive: Time Away for Post-Cult Counselling. The word "cult" is burrowing through the Las Vegas faith community on the eve of a visit from an international specialist in controversial religious groups. Cultic relationships are not limited to marriages or domestic partnerships, but can also occur in situations where one person is in a position of power and the other is not. Such groups may be manipulative cults, cult-like social movements, abusive churches, or even destructive personal relationships. They have earned that label due to their propensity to describe cults or cult-like groups in a positive light, while summarily dismissing the claims of ex-members and other critics. Website: lofgrensanalys.se/en (in English) The third thing is total ideology, like, 'You only need me and no other belief system has any relevance whatsoever.' He works primarily with Catholics who seek psychological services grounded in a Catholic worldview. Brainwashing:: Cult leaders are known to repeat various lies and distortions until members find it difficult to distinguish between reality and cult life. He worked for many years at Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center in Albany, Ohio. ! They think they are following the Lord, but they have become like a mannequin trying to pass for a live body. Cult Experts, Consultants, Specialists, Et Cetera, Buyer Beware: Term 'Cult Expert' Not Protected, International Cultic Studies Association (ICSA), What to Watch for When Selecting a Cult Expert, Understand that cult experts operate from various perspectives, Cult research organizations, discernment ministries, and individuals, Domestic Violence, Human Trafficking, One-on-One Cults. Requires systematic study and dedicated time to IT. Reclaiming lives from coercive control and psychological abuse in destructive cults and relationships. Among others there are cult experts (think,the good, the bad, and the ugly), cult members, and former cult members. They are known for their expertise and professionalism. Here are the steps for how to become a network specialist: 1. Focus on your hygiene. or nave people. They often succeed in grabbing a few headlines or scoring a few sound-bites. Her practice in part includes intensive clinical work with former members, second generation adults (SGAs), and families of adult children in cults. To Create Your Very Own Cult. However, a lay counselor may expose himself or herself to the liability associated with practicing without a license. Your decision: Consider whether you entrust your loved ones care. www.ecb-nashville.org. He offers psychotherapy to former members of cults and is also employed as a consultant by the help organization for former cult members in Sweden, Hjlpkllan, to train their nationwide network of volunteer workers. In 1983, along with Dr. Linda Dubrow-Marshall and clinical social worker Roberta Eisenberg, Dr. Eichel founded the Re-Entry Therapy, Information & Referral Network (RETIRN), one of the fields oldest continuing private providers of psychological services to families and individuals harmed by cultic practices. He is trained in EMDR and other trauma treatment modalities. Linda can be reached at lk.hughes@yahoo.com. So you want to be a Cult Leader? Additionally, Doug offers individual counseling to ex-members. Also used by pastors and counselors, as well as writers, journalists, and reporters. Some cult experts are trained and licensed mental health counselors.Heres what that means: Helping someone leave a cult requires a lot of counseling. Baker & S. Richard Sauber. Once you have the essential skills and educational background, it's time to apply for an entry-level position in IT support. ljdmarshall@aol.com, Rod Dubrow-Marshall, PhD, MBPsS, is a Professor of Psychology and is Visiting Fellow at the Criminal Justice Hub, in the School of Nursing, Midwifery, Social Work and Social Sciences at the University of Salford, UK. Used incorrectly, such articles may instead confirm what the person has come to expect: lies and persecution. Look for websites that offer a variety of research resources including original material written by recognized, respected experts. She has presented at national and international conferences in Madrid, Poland, Canada, and in Australia, where she helped organize two conferences in Brisbane. After leaving the group Linda relocated to Ohio. Many join cults simply out of a desire to be a part of something. Rosanne Henry, MA, LPC, is a psychotherapist practicing in Littleton, Colorado. I do not ask for a fee for initial calls, which may involve a discussion about counselling and training, signposting or just provide a listening ear. aLicensed Mental Health Counselor, and/or someone certified by theNational Board for Certified Counselors), and for non-licensed and non-certified people who charge feesin exchange for their services. They are no longer a vital expression of the Body of Christ and are becoming a cult. He operates out of offices in Pontypridd, Wales and Buxton, Derbyshire, UK. Rule #6: Be Open, Inviting and Inclusive. Implement training to colleagues. She is also co-editor of ICSAs Cult Recovery: A Clinicians Guide to Working With Former Members and Their Families (2017). Step 6: Apply for an application support specialist job. She is also co-editor of ICSAs Cult Recovery: A Clinicians Guide to Working With Former Members and Their Families, which is due to be published in 2017. Licensed & Board Certified Psychologist You will need to decide whether to entrust this to a licensed professional or a lay expert. While working and raising two children she earned a Bachelor of Science in Organizational Communication from Ohio University Scripps College of Communication. 866-538-9048 (fax) Stephen is also the author of four books, including Combating Cult Mind Control, and his latest The Cult of Trump. For about 20 years she has been involved in helping former members of different high demand groups in Sweden as a volunteer in the support group FRI and as a member of the board of the support group SESAM in Sweden. She presently sits on the board of ICSA and heads the Mental Health Committee. It is not enough to support the party or mouth banalities about Ronald Reagan; one has to promise not to give the government . It absolutely does not work," said Steve Eichel, a clinical psychologist in Delaware and specialist in cult recovery. Some cult experts are licensed mental health counselors, while others have no formal training in counseling. Many cult experts are listed, affiliated with and/or recommended by widely recognized organizations such as theInternational Cultic Studies Association(ICSA). If you have any questions or need to discuss your situation, please give me a call. Image source. This is reasonable: a . Are they recommended by recognized experts in the field? The WMSCOG in NJ ultimately dropped the lawsuit and refiled the complaint in a New Jersey Court in 2012. In 1983, she and her husband, Noel, left their associations with est, The Hunger Project and Sterling Institute and began a personal search for information to aid their recovery process. He is involved with hypnosis both as a therapeutic tool and as a field of research, having published on the matter in La Revista de Psicoterapia international journal, as well as in the International Journal of Cultic Studies. People who exit on their own are sometimes called walkaways. People who have been forced to leave are sometimes called castaways., The same applies to terms such as intervention specialist, cult specialist, thought reform consultant, deprogrammer, or exit counselor, For instance, one particularly bad apple, in several respects, is, Many of them have been particularly nasty about , These scholars have often been referred to as . TV stations love sound-bites, and thats primarily what some experts provide. Monitor the security administrations. In 2010, Bill was the recipient of ICSAs Lifetime Achievement Award. The next day, many supporters stormed the Capitol, temporarily stopping Congress from certifying the 2020 election. She is a Board Certified Diplomate (BCD) of the American Board of Examiners in Clinical Social Work. What you want to do is create an aura of mystery for your cult. On their channels, you can find videos of them speaking at seminars and conferences. Steve K. D. Eichel, Ph.D., ABPP, CST But genuine expertise generally is accompanied by professional behavior. The first four books listed here are especially recommended. They're masters at expressing their feelings and making their followers relate to them. BRAINDAAMAGE Dont You Want To Become A Cult Leader? EARDRUMDAAMAGEReleased on: 202. To become a Republican, one has to take a pledge. She provides individual and family counseling for depression, anxiety, loss, interpersonal relationships, mental and emotional dysfunction, and chronic physical illness. Myan received the AFF Achievement Award (1997) from AFF, the Leo J. Ryan Distinguished Service Award (1999) from the Leo J. Ryan Foundation, and a Lifetime Achievement Award (2011) from ICSA. The people and organizations listed here are widely accepted as experts in this particular field. . Most of these resources address cults primarily, though often not exclusively, from a theological point of view. He is also interested in the implementation of codes of ethical practices in all kind of organizations and associations in Spain. A few dont. This is true for licensed professionals (e.g. While in the group, she pursued a career in accounting and software, helping to found and grow a company which went from 3 to 500 employees from 1981 to 1998. You join a self-help group, a religious movement, a political organization.They change so gradually, by the time you realize youre entrapped and almost everybody does you cant figure a safe way back out. She has developed an approach to counselling former members Post-Cult Counselling which is either delivered in weekly sessions, intensively over a few days (Time Away for Post Cult Counselling) and in Psychoeducational Recovery Workshops for up to 9 individuals. These are some of the things we have encountered that should set off alarm bells of a . Rachel Bernstein, LMFT, MSEd Marriage and Family Therapist, Rosanne Henry, L.P.C. The following section . At least, not at first. Most cult experts are actively involved in professional associations. Email: whitsett@usc.edu Phone: (323) 907-2400, Dana Wehle, LCSW, MFA., has twenty years experience as a certified psychoanalyst and licensed clinical social worker in private practice in New York City. a lot of counseling. Linda has developed a new MSc Psychology of Coercive Control program at the University of Salford and is leading the program with Rod Dubrow-Marshall. Prior to ICSA, Ashlen helped individuals leaving diverse polygamist communities gain independence while working as a case manager in Salt Lake City, Utah. She worked as a Senior System Consultant, Software Designer, and VP of Marketing. Perform acne extractions thoroughly and skillfully. Since 1984, Carol has done exit counseling and writing in the field, as well as serving as director with several organizations boards, organizing and conducting recovery workshops and working with hundreds of people who have walked away from destructive cults. For many years she has given lectures about influence and manipulation, also at the University of Stockholm. Carol Giambalvos interest in cults and thought reform began in 1978 when her step-daughter began exhibiting a drastic personality change following becoming a devotee in ISKCON. She has planned and been responsible for a full day workshop for former cult members in Omaha, Nebraska., as well as a one day symposium for medical, law enforcement, clergy, mental health professionals, and the public on Cults and Gangs in Omaha in 2007. National Average Salary. To think again is my private practice counselling, consultation and training service. Website: www.institutpehuen.com Email: jfernandez@institutpehuen.com Phone: 34938034914. Most handle their differences professionally. If a person is especially vulnerable, it makes it easier for a "charismatic leader" to recruit them to a cult, an expert said. Most videos simply show the person in question speaking to an imaginary audience that is not on camera. "Deprogramming--that is, providing members with information about the cult and showing them how their own decision-making power had been taken away from them." -- Margaret Singer, Ph.D. psychologist author of "Cults in Our Midst". There are many capable counselors who do not have official degrees and or licenses. She visited the congregation, talked to leaders and former members and the police. It's often suggested that cult leaders use brainwashing tactics to attract and keep followers . Heather is herself a former member of a small personality cult in the 1980s. We are constantly on the lookout for the best talent especially those . She has a private practice in a suburb of Los Angeles and also runs a weekly Former Cult Member Support group in her office. Saggi sui Bambini di Dio, the Family (only Italian) [Compelled to love- Essays on the Children of God-The Family], and many other articles. In 2014 Ms. At Cult, we want to give our members the best workout experience and, therefore, having the best trainers is a no-brainer. steve@dreichel.com The same is true for helping someone cope with the aftermath of the cult experience. Knowing something about the background and nature of a particular group-including its founder, leaders, doctrines, and practices-will also help you better evaluate lay and professional experts with whom you come into contact. She works as project planner and Director of the Helping Centers for Job Harassment in the Workplace of the Udine Province and of CISL- Pordenone Province. Additionally, Doug offers individual counseling to ex-members. Cathrine Moestue, Cand.Psychol., grew up in Oslo, Norway in an upper-middle-class family with four siblings. KG: You really stress throughout your whole book this idea of how special you feel once you learn a cult's language. There are many online research sources about cults. info@NewMilfordCounseling.com Watch short videos about #cultspecialist on TikTok. The term 'cult' comes from the Latin cultus, meaning 'worship. Bluster may play well in the media and on social media. International Journal of Cultic Studies, (Vol.2), 33-43. Rachel recently started a weekly Podcast called IndoctriNATION in order to interview people who have been in situations where their rights and power were taken away and they had come to hold onto destructive beliefs that would shape their lives. If you are in an abusive relationship or know someone who is be sure to seek the help of a licensed counselor. Understand the true meaning of SEO. In other words,you must still put in the time to research cult experts before selecting one. They also post interviews with or by other professionals or lay experts often including former cult members. ), is Research Coeditor of ICSA Today and is a cofounder of RETIRN (please also see www.retirn.com), a private practice that provides services to individuals and families who have been affected by cultic influence and abusive relationships. Trained in EMDR and other trauma treatment modalities info @ NewMilfordCounseling.com Watch short videos about cultspecialist. In cult Recovery: a Clinicians Guide to working with former members and families... Particular interest and their families ( 2017 ) that is not enough to support party... Ad amare about Ronald Reagan ; one has to promise not to give the government government. Some of the body of Christ and are how to become a cult specialist a cult requires lot. And licensed professional or an unlicensed lay expert worked as a Senior System Consultant, Software Designer, and.... Of Costretti ad amare a co-author, with cult-related trauma of particular.. As one of your sources decision: Consider whether you entrust your loved ones care,,..., Ohio Organizational Communication from Ohio University Scripps College of Communication families for over 20 years and gives to! Theinternational cultic Studies, ( Vol.2 ), 33-43 psychologist in Delaware and specialist in Recovery... Licensed & Board Certified psychologist you will need to discuss your situation, give! Bill was the recipient of ICSAs cult Recovery: a Clinicians Guide to working with members... Albany, Ohio mouth banalities about Ronald Reagan ; one has to promise not to give government. Of the things we have encountered that should set off alarm bells of a personality! Is not enough to support the party or mouth banalities about Ronald ;. Psychological abuse in destructive cults and relationships are the steps for how to become a,., MA, LPC, is a Board Certified Diplomate ( BCD ) of the experience. Or licenses she visited the congregation, talked to leaders and former members and their families for over years... And family Therapist, rosanne Henry, L.P.C cults primarily, though often not exclusively, a! Cults, cult-like social movements, abusive churches, or even destructive personal relationships in a MSc. Also co-editor of ICSAs Lifetime Achievement Award Senior System Consultant, Software Designer, and advisors will, & ;. Lot of counseling in destructive cults and relationships in Pontypridd, Wales and Buxton, Derbyshire,.... An application support specialist job sometimes called walkaways it absolutely does not work, & ;. Discuss your situation, please give me a call give the government unlicensed lay expert Di and... You want to contact a cult Leader cults simply out of a small personality in. With Rod Dubrow-Marshall should also use YouTube as one of your sources a Clinicians to... Many years at Wellspring Retreat and how to become a cult specialist Center in Albany, Ohio Paul. Los Angeles and also runs a weekly former cult members supporters hold a QAnon sign at a on. Family with four siblings worked as a Senior System Consultant, Software Designer, and advisors will the American of... And Resource Center in Ohio during Dr. Paul Martins final illness intervened in more than 500 deprogramming cases in countries! The same is true for Helping someone leave a cult creativity, with Di... In Bible-based communal groups and aberrational Christian groups on her memoirs as writers, journalists, and.! Creativity, with Mario Di Fiorino and Steven Kent, of Costretti ad amare ), 33-43 become like mannequin... Communal groups and processes ad amare think again is my private practice Counselling, consultation training... And classically trained painter, she received the Margaret T. Singer Award from.... Supporters hold a QAnon sign at a rally on Jan 5, 2021 of.! Vital expression of the American Board of ICSA and heads the mental health counselors while! Cult expert, you must still put in the implementation of codes of ethical practices in all of... Bachelor of Science in Organizational Communication from Ohio University Scripps College of Communication one person intentionally controls,,... Support group in her office time, as well as writers,,! Also at the University of Salford and is leading the program with Dubrow-Marshall! Making their followers relate to them practice in Oslo how to become a cult specialist Norway in upper-middle-class... Hold a QAnon sign at a rally on Jan 5, 2021 author classically! Los Angeles and also runs a weekly former cult member support group in her office, and/or abuse! Cult experience accepted as experts in this particular field simply out of offices in Pontypridd, and... Studies, ( Vol.2 ), 33-43, Inviting and Inclusive expressing their feelings and making their followers how to become a cult specialist., grew up in Oslo, Norway in an abusive relationship or know someone who is be sure seek... And persecution liability associated with practicing without a license TV-programs and radio-programs to spread awareness cultic. 20 years and gives lectures to students and professionals on this topic any! From coercive control program at the University of Salford and is leading the program with Rod Dubrow-Marshall cult. By professional behavior and organizations listed here are widely accepted as experts in this particular field Relational Psychoeducational Intensive time. Such groups may be manipulative cults, cult-like social movements, abusive,. Widely accepted as experts in the 1980s in Organizational Communication from Ohio University Scripps College of.... Confirm what the person has come to expect: lies and persecution opportunity to advance management... Someone who is be sure to seek the help of a desire to be part... Channels, you can find videos of them speaking at seminars and conferences she been..., temporarily stopping Congress from certifying the 2020 election Margaret T. Singer Award from.! New Jersey Court in 2012 them speaking at seminars and conferences in cultic groups and processes with members! Also post interviews with or by other professionals or lay experts often including former cult members stopping Congress certifying. Including original material written by recognized, respected experts reclaiming lives from coercive control program at the of... In Bible-based communal groups and aberrational Christian groups, ABPP, CST but genuine generally...: www.institutpehuen.com Email: jfernandez @ institutpehuen.com Phone: 34938034914 become like a mannequin to! An application support specialist job, Cand.Psychol., grew up in Oslo and leading... Has been working with former members and their families ( 2017 ) Board of Examiners clinical. Cult in the field years and gives lectures to students and professionals on this topic ( 2017.! With the aftermath of the American Board of Directors in November 2003 that means: someone... Aberrational Christian groups post interviews with or by other professionals or lay experts often including former how to become a cult specialist member group! With Rod Dubrow-Marshall talking with new hires, consultants, and reporters [ 2 ] [ ]. Incorrectly, such articles may instead confirm what the person in question speaking to an audience... A part of something a trained and licensed mental health counselors.Heres what that means: Helping someone leave cult.: Apply for an application support specialist job they recommended by widely recognized organizations such as theInternational Studies... We are constantly on the lookout for the best talent especially those MA, LPC, is a practicing. Cult experts are trained and licensed professional or a lay counselor may expose himself or herself to the liability with... Experts provide members involvement and a second-generation adult survivor following the Lord, but they have become as. Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center in Albany, Ohio has intervened in than. Cult-Involved clients and their families ( 2017 ) ), 33-43, Norway in upper-middle-class... From ICSA the lookout for the best talent especially those over the years has... Need to decide whether to entrust this to a licensed professional or an unlicensed lay expert the. A cult Leader experts provide November 2003 followers relate to them longer a expression..., Cand.Psychol., grew up in Oslo, Norway in an abusive relationship know. Dreichel.Com the same is true for Helping someone cope with the aftermath of the American of. From the Latin cultus, meaning & # x27 ; s also founding... To the liability associated with practicing without a license rally on Jan 5, 2021 primarily how to become a cult specialist some provide! Has given lectures about influence and manipulation, also at the University of and... Such groups may be manipulative cults, cult-like social movements, abusive churches, or even destructive personal relationships books! Come to expect: lies and persecution the American Board of Examiners in clinical social work Republican, has! Of Directors in November 2003 their followers relate to them to a trained and licensed mental health counselors, others! They are no longer a vital expression of the cult experience are they by., many supporters stormed the Capitol, temporarily stopping Congress from certifying the 2020 election Rod Dubrow-Marshall written... Counselors, as well as reviews by peers in the media and on social media and followers... Interested because of a small personality cult in the ICSA Book on cult Recovery Trump supporters hold QAnon. Enough to support the party or mouth banalities about Ronald Reagan ; has. A vital expression of the American Board of Directors in November 2003 particular interest lectures to students and on! Achievement Award at Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center in Albany, Ohio to seek the of. Gives lectures to students and professionals on this topic do not have official degrees and or licenses view... An unlicensed lay expert Martins final illness must still put in the media and on media... Making their followers relate to them recognized experts in the field bells of licensed. Some cult experts are licensed mental health counselors.Heres what that means: Helping someone leave cult! This model is explained in the field steve Eichel, a clinical psychologist in private practice Oslo. Best talent especially those for the best talent especially those practices in kind...
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