south african secret police during apartheid
The police could legally serve as wardens, court clerks, and messengers, as well as immigration, health, and revenue officials. Peter Hain, a South African exile, became the public face of the movement, leading a successful effort to get the South African cricket and rugby teams banned from Britain. He has faced down numerous legal challenges over his work to produce drugs and agents to target anti-apartheid activists. Kasrils and others in the ANC operated more clandestinely, as one of the major nerve centers for global organizing against apartheid that grew in the 1970s and exploded in the 1980s, with multiracial … Title. Union of South Africa, Apartheid, Escape from the Secret Police by D'LynnWaldron, PhD, FRGS ©1960-2011 I was in the Union of South Africa in 1960 as a roving correspondent for Scripps-Howard newspapers when I came to be a fugitive from the Boer Afrikaner police at the time of the Sharpsville massacre, and following the Coalbrook coal mining disaster on January 1, 1960 in which there were … This past week South Africa’s former defence minister Siphiwe Nyanda issued former President Jacob Zuma with a defamation lawsuit for calling him an apartheid spy. [2]:105[3]:114 The first Commissioner of Police was Colonel Theo G Truter with 5,882 men under his command. Botha was appointed as the new Prime Minister of South Africa. Members of the South Africa's Mine Workers Union sing the old apartheid-era national anthem while demonstrating against affirmative action at a … These included: The SAP was eligible for the British King's Police Medal, which was awarded annually throughout the British Empire. Potgieter, of The Appellate Division of the Sup", "An abridged version of the security report by Justice H.J. The South African Police were the successors to the police forces of the Cape Colony, the Natal Colony, the Orange River Colony, and the Transvaal Colony in law enforcement in South Africa. Thereafter, in 1963, the Republican intelligence was born from where BOSS was created on May 1st 1969. Introduction Post apartheid South Africa is emerging as a new country from years of rule based solely on the color of one’s skin. This film explores South Africa's apartheid policy, focusing on issues such as race relations, political practices, and segregated dwellings. In some circumstances, the police were also authorised to serve as vehicle inspectors, postal agents, and local court personnel. Proclamation 18 formed the South African Police on 1 April 1913 with the amalgamation of the police forces of the four old colonies after the founding of the Union of South Africain 1910. [6]:120[7]:2, By 2 October 1978, Prime Minister John Vorster had resigned and on 9 October, the Defence Minister P.W. After the country's 1960 republic referendum and its expulsion from the Commonwealth of Nations, the organization was renamed Republican Intelligence. From 1948 through the 1990s, a single word dominated life in South Africa. Potgieter to establish the guidelines and mission for intelligence gathering by the Military Intelligence (later DMI) and the Bureau for State Security. The key players in this alleged scheme were former agents of the Rhodesian secret police, ... had been working simultaneously for South Africa. A total of 69 unarmed blacks were killed by the police during that protest. Amazingly she's still alive and shown at the end of this beautiful and intense drama about racism. Another reserve (volunteer) force was established in 1966, consisting of unpaid, mostly White civilians willing to perform limited police duties. It involved a system of institutionalized racial segregation and white supremacy, and placed all political power in the hands of a white minority. Botha to lead a commission of inquiry into intelligence gathering in South Africa and in particular who would be the lead agency. Among the SAP's spies during the apartheid era was the infamous Craig Williamson and his best-known female recruit Olivia Forsyth. Opposition to apartheid manifested in a variety of ways, including boycotts, non-violent protests, and armed resistance. A youth wing of this reserve force reported that it had inducted almost 3,000 students and young people to assist the police during the late 1980s.[14]. After South Africa became a republic (in 1961), the government instituted an entirely new series of decorations and medals for the SAP. At least 67 detainees had died while in the custody of the apartheid government's secret police, said Jabulani Mlotshwa of the National Prosecuting Authority. It is the name given to the particular racial-social ideology developed in South Africa during the twentieth century. F or a child growing up in Soweto, South Africa, in 1976, apartheid was an abstract concept. A former South African police officer will face trial over the 1971 killing of an anti-apartheid activist after a court ruling that could lead to the prosecution of similar crimes. Finally, authorization of creating the Specialist Task Force was given, following multiple recommendations, and the issues described beforehand. [2]:Chp2 On the 1 October 1968, Lieutenant-General Hendrik van den Bergh, Deputy Police Commissioner and Head of the Security Branch, was promoted to General and then appointed as Security Advisor to Prime Minister John Vorster. Evidence given to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 1998 suggested "a degree of deliberation in the decision to open fire" by the police. The medals available to the SAP between 1923 and 1963 were thus: Until 1952, they were incorporated into the British honours system. Introduction Post apartheid South Africa is emerging as a new country from years of rule based solely on the color of one’s skin. It was added to several times over the years: For the former police force in Rhodesia, see, Flag of the South African Police (1981–1994), Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, South African Police Star for Distinguished Leadership, South African Police Star for Distinguished Service, South African Police Silver Cross for Gallantry, South African Police Star for Outstanding Service, South African Police Medal for Combating Terrorism, South African Police Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Commemorative Medal, South African Police Service Amalgamation Medal, South African Police Star for Faithful Service, South African Police Medal for Faithful Service, List of law enforcement agencies in South Africa, https://www.c-span.org/video/?56323-1/south-african-election-special-2, INTERPOL MEMBERSHIP – HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, ACCOUNTABILITY IN NAMIBIA Human Rights And The Transition To Democracy, "Commissioners of the South African Police (1913–1994)", https://abs-isd-police.weebly.com/about.html, "The Role of Political Violence in South Africa's Democratisation", Truth and Reconciliation – The Voice of 'Prime Evil', https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Police&oldid=1001596838, Defunct law enforcement agencies of South Africa, Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from February 2015, Articles needing additional references from February 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2014, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Pages using law enforcement agency with local civilian police general nature, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 1913–1928: Sir Theodorus Gustaff Truter, colonel, 1940–1945: George Robson Carruthers Baston, brigadier, 1945–1951: Robert John Palmer, major general, 1951–1954: Jan-Kamas Brink, major general, 1954–1960: Corrie I. Rademeyer, major general, 1960–1962: Hendrik Jacobus du Plooy, lieutenant general, 1962–1968: Johannes Martinus Keevy, lieutenant general, 1978–1983: Michiel Christian Wilhelm Geldenhuys, general, This page was last edited on 20 January 2021, at 11:37. South African police beat black women with clubs after anti-apartheid protesters raided and set a beer hall on fire in Durban, South Africa in 1959. This unit is still in action in modern-day South Africa. JOHANNESBURG -- South Africa has opened an inquest into the death of an anti-apartheid activist in police custody nearly four decades ago as pressure for justice in … [11], In 1983, the SAP formed C1, a counter-insurgency unit commanded by police colonel and former Koevoet operator Eugene de Kock. The first racially integrated intake of recruits began slowly in 1993 and integration was complete by 1995. Proclamation 18 formed the South African Police on 1 April 1913 with the amalgamation of the police forces of the four old colonies after the founding of the Union of South Africa in 1910. Naude has has been on the witness stand for two days, testifying at … Protesters flee as police charge during riots in Cape Town in 1976. In the 1930s, the Union of South Africa had formed an intelligence organization modeled after MI5 and MI6 as a special branch of the South African Police. Botha was looking for an alternative to the policing function of BOSS as well as an alternative to a military view of intelligence, one which would provide long-term strategic intelligence to the government about the southern African region and world. Jacob Zuma. The former head of a military research laboratory, Daan Goosen, told the commission that the project had the backing of South Africa’s then Surgeon General, who described it as “the most … In 1969, Malawi was the only country at the assembly which did not sign the Lusaka Manifesto condemning South Africa' apartheid policy. The SAP relinquished its responsibility for South West Africa in 1981. I argue that what has changed most since the end of apartheid is the relationship between policing and political order. The police increased the use of part-time, specialised personnel – such as the special constables (called kitskonstabels (instant constables) in Afrikaans) – to help quell the growing violence in the 1980s. A White South African scientist has told the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that the White apartheid government considered trying to develop a bacteria which would kill only Africans. The Europeans in South Africa were responsible for establishing apartheid in the 20th century. ... a secret policeman under South Africa’s brutal, racist apartheid regime. It led to the political and economic discrimination which separated Black (or Bantu), Coloured (mixed race), Indian, and White South Africans. Former agents testifying before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission have confirmed the existence of a secret death squad called the Z-Squad managed by Dirk Coetzee. Its members began to lobby Parliament and push for economic sanctions. Education was a key component of apartheid, and the Bantu Education Act of 1953 centralized black South African education and brought it under the control of the national government. The organization also arranged for political assassinations. The South African Police were the successors to the police forces of the Cape Colony, the Natal Colony, the Orange River Colony, and the Transvaal Colony in law enforcement in South Africa. He also established police/community forums in almost every police station. p. cm. The agents have claimed that the Z-Squad killed dissidents through letter bombs and snipers. This followed another senior African National Congress (ANC) member and former minister Derek Hanekom also filing a defamation lawsuit against Zuma for calling him “a known enemy agent” on Twitter. Active within the Namibian War of Independence from 1979 to 1989, they were held responsible for committing multiple human rights violations, and alongside the South West African Police, they were disbanded following Namibian independence in 1989, and were essentially replaced by the Special Field Force in modern-day Namibia. During emergencies they were assisted by the military. By 1975, support of creating the Special Task Force reached the Bureau of State Security, following both the Fox Street Siege, in which the police were unable to deal with a hostage crisis at the Israeli embassy in Johannesburg, and the outbreak of the conflict in South West Africa, stretching the demand of COIN operatives. There is a specific scene where the white head of Secret Police made that statement and had emptied the prison of known black career criminals and paid them gold (krugger rands- the cops had stolen from the mint in South Africa) to attack each other and stroke tribal warfare. [3]:437 Military Intelligence's (MI) budget was reduced from R830,000 the previous year to a R39,000 a which would lead to continuous struggle for power between MI and BOSS throughout the seventies. [3]:436 Attached to the Prime Minister office, he would be in command of all security and intelligence chiefs in the country including the military, and reported only to Vorster. South African police officers hold protesters back during the funeral procession for Nathaniel Julies—who was shot by police—in Eldorado Park, near Johannesburg, on Sept. 5. We discussed in this class what might inspire a Jew to help a black South African noting, at the time only 2% of the white population in South Africa was Jewish but 60% of the white anti-apartheid activists in South Africa were Jewish (Feld 2010). Formed in 1992 in the run-up to the 1994 South African election following the end of Apartheid, 'Division: Internal Stability' were tasked with the important role of combating violence in the turbulent years leading up to and after the elections. The word “apartheid” means “separateness” in Afrikaans. Thereafter they formed part of the new South African honours system. 2. [2]:Chp2, BOSS was actively involved in South Africa's foreign policy. [15] During the late 1980s, the Hammanskraal college saw a large enrollment of black policemen.[16]. [3]:438, The 19 May 1969 saw the introduction of the Security Services Special Account Bill and that would pass into law on 16 June 1969, and saw the use of money allocated to BOSS as confidential and not subjected to an audit by the Auditor-General as with other government departments. A black girl born to white parents during Apartheid South Africa was a national sensation. [9], During South Africa's rule under apartheid, the SAP operated to quell civil unrest amongst the country's disenfranchised non-white majority. [6]:162 The now newly named National Intelligence Service was announced on the 6 February 1980. [2]:Chp2[4] The Commission to Inquire into Certain Intelligence Aspects of State Security, known better as the Potgieter Commission would investigate the clashes between the two organisations over who had primary responsibility for intelligence gathering in South Africa. [2]:Chp8 P.W. The SAP originally policed cities and urban … Tricks of the trade included rape, torture and killings. He is a former head of the South African Secret Service. For most people, the police were the face of apartheid representing force against the majority of the South African population, without whose consent the state ruled. Includes bibliographical references and index. KwaZulu, Lebowa, QwaQwa, Transkei, and Venda, and was renamed the South African Police Service. Throughout this time, police reserves numbered at least 37,000. The first Commissioner of Police was Colonel Theo G Truter with 5,882 men under his command. After the war, the South African Police joined INTERPOL on 1 January 1948.[4][5]. [6]:120 [6]:122 Beginning with the covert Operation Savannah in 1975, it helped organize operations against the MPLA during the Angolan Civil War with the assistance of the U.S. State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency. [3]:437, On 13 May 1969, Minister of the Interior S.L. Today there is only one Police College to train new recruits in Pretoria. F or a child growing up in Soweto, South Africa, in 1976, apartheid was an abstract concept. After South Africa's transition to majority rule in 1994, the SAP was reorganised into the South African Police Service (SAPS). The Police Act (No. During 1959 and 1960, violence broke out in several South African cities. [3]:438 BOSS' function was stated as investigating matters of state security, collect and evaluate any information received and distribute the analysis when necessary throughout the government and secondly but more ambiguously, perform other functions and responsibilities when required. The Bureau was involved in the Information Scandal or Muldergate Scandal, in which South African Government funds were used to establish a pro-National Party English language newspaper, The Citizen. South African police have made important strides to achieving democratic policing and the South African people have acknowledged such progress through their acceptance of the new South African Police Service. The … Former Security Branch police officer, under the apartheid government, Martin Naude has denied ever being involved in any cover-up of a detainee’s death during his 40-year career as an investigator. [2]:Chp4 Believing that the outcome of both inquiries were already predetermined, BOSS officials began to shred any document that could be used against them. [2]:Chp3, In October 1978, Deputy Defence and Intelligence Minister Kobie Coetsee was appointed by Prime Minister P.W. A finger printing office was established in Pietermaritzburg in 1900, a year before Britain’s Scotland Yard followed suit, and by 1925 several offices had mushroomed, necessitating the creation of the South African Criminal Bureau. After the Soweto Uprising on 16 June 1976, hundreds of young people left the country to join the liberation movements in exile, where they received military training. Botha had decided to split the intelligence gathering ability of South Africa amongst four agencies, the DMI, BOSS/DONS, Security Branch and Foreign Affairs, hoping to reduce the political dominance by one over the others, but the rivalry would continue. The Koevoet, translating into English as 'crowbar', but officially known as the Police Counter-Insurgency Unit (COIN) or 'Operation K' were a major paramilitary police unit in South African-administered South West Africa, now the Republic of Namibia. Peter Hain, a South African exile, became the public face of the movement, leading a successful effort to get the South African cricket and rugby teams banned from Britain. The true consequences was not a blessing to her, and her children. The South African Secret Service (SASS) was the previous name of a South African intelligence agency.Currently, it is known as the Foreign Branch of the State Security Agency.It is responsible for all non-military foreign intelligence and for counterintelligence within the Service itself. [3]:114 During World War I, the SAP took over the Riflemen's jurisdiction, and most Riflemen personnel were transferred to the SAP by the end of the 1910s. This followed another senior African National Congress (ANC) member and former minister Derek Hanekom also filing a defamation lawsuit against Zuma for calling him “a known enemy agent” on Twitter. In 1970, Malawian president Hastings Banda made his … Apartheid . They were formed either to carry out a specific task or to deal with a particular area of crime. "When I was 16 I was incarcerated for allegedly having sexual relations with a white girl during a time when it was forbidden in South Africa. Police reports from the time of the massacre claimed that panicking officers spontaneously fired into an increasingly violent crowd; however, other sources claim that the demonstration was peaceful in the moment leading up to the shooting. [2]:Chp4 It was believed that it was predetermined that the DMI would be the lead intelligence agency. Their basic training lasted 6 months. [2]:Chp2[5] The Act formalised the functions and the brief of BOSS while another part of this act would also established the formation of the State Security Council under the control of the cabinet and established it as the government's national centre for operational security. He increased the recruitment of black police personnel, formed a civilian riot-control unit that was separate from the SAP but worked with it, developed a code of police conduct agreed upon by a number of political parties and communities, and substantially increased police training facilities. Abstract PIP: Male dominated power systems in South Africa coupled with a culture of aggression and domination have not allowed for the mainstream emergence of qualities such as trust, compassion, and gentleness, frequently associated with female virtues. Abstract PIP: Male dominated power systems in South Africa coupled with a culture of aggression and domination have not allowed for the mainstream emergence of qualities such as trust, compassion, and gentleness, frequently associated with female virtues. South African police beat black women with clubs after anti-apartheid protesters raided and set a beer hall on fire in Durban, South Africa in 1959. DT1757.C52 2011 968.05 2010050190 [8] With the rise of P.W. After President Frederik Willem de Klerk lifted the ban on black political organisations and released leading dissidents from prison in 1990, he met with the police and ordered them help end apartheid, to demonstrate greater political tolerance, and to improve their standing in black communities. training at Maleoskop (now closed) in specialised weapons and "bush warfare" in preparation for their 3 months "call up". It was headed by Hendrik van den Bergh. Public amenities could not be shared among different races. [2]:Chp2 As the BOSS head Hendrik van den Bergh was a close ally of the Prime Minister, it was seen by Military Intelligence as a foregone conclusion that BOSS would achieve favour. The unit consisted of 41 divisions, and proved detrimental to preventing potentially thousands of killings during major political violence. (Photo by Ali Greeff/AFP) The basic police training regimen includes courses in criminal investigation procedures, self-defense, musketry, tactical weapons training, drills, inspections, public relations and law. [6]:161 Barnard would take over the South African Department of National Security (DONS) after the retirement of the existing head Alec van Wyk. Apartheid–South Africa–History. When the conservative National Party edged out liberal opponents in South Africa's elections in 1948, the new government enacted legislation strengthening the relationship between the police and the military. The following people have served as the Commissioner of the South African Police:[7][8]. The Police Amendment Act (No. Security guards in South Africa clashing with police during a 96-day strike of private security personnel in 2006. During the 1930’s, a special branch of the South African Police was created. The police were heavily armed after that, especially when facing unruly or hostile crowds. [3]:114, In 1939, the SAP took over the South West African Police and became responsible for policing South West Africa, which was under South African administration at that time. [3]:438 A Government Notice No. A scandal was the main reason for its replacement by NIS in 1980. [3]:114, Police officials often called on the army for support in emergencies. [6] It took over the South African Railways Police Force in 1986[citation needed]. Most of these constables were Blacks and Coloreds. Botha appointed Niel Barnard in November 1979 to form a new intelligence service. [3]:438 The General Law Amendment Bill was introduced on 4 June 1969 and passed into law on 30 June, with two clauses of interest to BOSS. 5. During South Africa's apartheid era, several anti-apartheid activists died in police custody or under mysterious circumstances, but their deaths have gone largely uninvestigated in the courts. 808 on 16 May 1969 announced the Bureau for State Security's formation and came into being retrospectively on the 1 May as a department under the Prime Minister. 1 review Winter blows the whistle on his career as a journalist working for the South African intelligence forces during the Apartheid years. ALEXANDRA, South Africa — During apartheid, the government wielded the police like a club, using them to keep black South Africans in check and brutally extinguish any dissent. In addition to the 300 prosecutions that the authorities have ignored, there are a further 1,200 cases of people who went missing during the apartheid era when South African police … The students became the target of the apartheid government’s security police and were often threatened and intimidated. [1], The organisational structure of BOSS is said to have been composed of the following departments:[2]:Chp2, In the wake of the Information scandal (known as Muldergate) in which the Bureau of State Security (BOSS) had become mired, the head of the BOSS, Hendrik van den Berg, resigned in June 1978 and was replaced by Alec van Wyk. [2]:Chp4 He viewed Foreign Affairs as too overt and tainted by the Information Scandal and therefore saw a need to organise BOSS into a new agency based around research and analysis and removed its old covert operational function and transferred that to the Security Branch of the police. South Africa–Politics and government–1948–1994. Botha to prime minister, the SADF's power increased in cabinet, along with that the Directorate Military Intelligence (DMI), who would strive to dominate security issues in the new government and decide its policy and implementation. Through the early 1980s, police units were integrated, but most police recruits had been trained in single-race classes, sometimes in institutions designated for one racial group. The Vlakplaas farm became the site of multiple executions of political opponents of the apartheid government. Kasrils and others in the ANC operated more clandestinely, as one of the major nerve centers for global organizing against apartheid that grew in the 1970s and exploded in the 1980s, with multiracial … 7) of 1958 broadened the mission of the SAP beyond conventional police functions, such as maintaining law and order and investigating and preventing crime and gave the police extraordinary powers to quell unrest and to conduct counterinsurgency activities. [10], On 21 March 1960, SAP officers in the Transvaal township of Sharpeville opened fire on a large anti-apartheid protest outside of the local police station, killing 69 demonstrators and injuring 180 others. Rape under such circumstances is the assertion of male power, and, as expected, the numbers of rape cases … The South African political landscape was dominated in the 1970s by the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) and anti-apartheid student political activity. Very little has been written about the South African secret intelligence, but revelations to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the new culture of confessions now make that possible. In response to this systemic racism, a group of exiled South Africans living in England called for a boycott of products from the country. This search-and-seize zone was extended to within eight miles of any border in 1979 and to the entire country in 1983. In 1995, the force absorbed the police forces of Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Gazankulu, KaNgwane, KwaNdebele. Apartheid—Afrikaans for “apartness”—kept the country’s majority black population [2]:Chp4, P.W. [2]:Chp2 The Potgieter Commission reported back on the 2 February 1972 and the results were subsequently used to enact the Security Intelligence and State Security Council Act 64 of 1972 on 24 May 1972. Police took direct action, including opening fire on demonstrators. The police were authorised to act on behalf of other government officials when called upon. Policemen and women were eligible for a number of awards. Members of the South Africa's Mine Workers Union sing the old apartheid-era national anthem while demonstrating against affirmative action at a march in downtown Johannesburg Friday, Oct. 20, 1995. From 1923, the SAP also had its own long service medal, which doubled as a medal for gallantry. In 1960, it became the official security branch. During the late apartheid era, the structure and ethos of the South African Police was animated by the task of containing an insurgency. Many South African police officers might be considered “accidental officers”. BOSS also attempted to kill Bafana Duna, the African National Congress representative to Swaziland, but he survived with a lost arm. The South African Bureau for State Security (given the acronym BOSS by journalists, Afrikaans: Buro vir Staatsveiligheid) was established in 1969 and ultimately replaced by the National Intelligence Service (NIS) in 1980. Since 1990, South Africa also has provided training for police from Lesotho, Swaziland, Malawi and the (then) Zaire. C1 was run out of a secluded farmhouse called Vlakplaas until 1992. In 1987, for example, the police recruited almost 9,000 kitskonstabels and gave them an intensive six-week training course. And state violence to maintain order and enforce labor demands has not disappeared. Residents are dispersed by the South African Police Service during a demonstration in Eldorado Park, Johannesburg, on August 27, 2020. (Some volunteering and been called up more frequently.) During the 1970s and 1980s, the ANC leadership in exile under Oliver Tambo targeted apartheid government leadership, command and control, secret police, and military-industrial complex assets and personnel in decapitation strikes, targeted killings, and guerrilla actions such as bomb explosions in facilities frequented by military and government personnel. South Africa : the rise and fall of apartheid / Nancy L. Clark and William H. Worger. C1 was also responsible for several fatal bomb attacks against anti-apartheid activists, including members of the African National Congress. After the Soweto Uprising on 16 June 1976, hundreds of young people left the country to join the liberation movements in … After the country's 1960 republic referendum and its expulsion from the Commonwealth of Nations, the organization was renamed Republican Intelligence. Volunteering and been called up more frequently. action, including opening fire on demonstrators following. 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The time of the South African police Service ( SAPS ) was to monitor National security total 69! New recruits in Pretoria took direct action, including members of the trade included rape, torture killings. Appointed as the apartheid government ’ s security police and were often threatened and intimidated Struggle over.. Became the target of the South African army in North Africa during the apartheid era was the only country the. Main reason for its replacement by NIS in 1980 a single word dominated in...
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