reasons for land reform in zimbabwe
High Court eviction order versus the Executive (The Herald, March 1 2000 p.1). My topics about Africa focuses on an aid-free Africa relying on trade, tourism, innovation, and technology. Land reforms can establish a direct link between Government and farmers by abolishing intermediaries. The defiance of the High Court Orders by the war veterans was also not an unexpected reaction. From 2005, the city adopted the “Kigali master plan”, which is a planning scheme to transform Kigali into a modern technological city. The root causes of the crisis which led to the Fast Track Land Reform Programme from April 2000 up until 2010 lay in the failure of the1998 Donors Conference to assist the Zimbabwe Land Reform Programme; the British Government’s insistence on the willing-buyer-willing-seller principle of Land Reform as well as the rejection of the draft Constitution during the referendum, writes Dr Felix Muchemwa in his book The Struggle for Land in Zimbabwe (1890-2010) that The Patriot is serialising. The land issue almost derailed the negotiations with Britain that led to the birth of Zimbabwe in 1980. However, there seem to be multiple positions on This in effect was the beginning of Zimbabwe’s land problem. By focusing on showing how this policy has affected the economy of Zimbabwe and how unjust this policy was implemented and executed in the situation of Zimbabwe, I discuss how lack of collaboration/cooperation between urban low-income people and policy makers can be a dangerous act especially when enforcing policies of planning in urban areas. In an expected reaction, the European settler-farmers appealed to the High Court to get the war veterans evicted under trespass and squatter laws (The Herald, March 18 2000 p.1) and on March 17 2000, Justice Paddington Garwe issued High Court Orders for the eviction of the war veterans from the now more than 400 invaded farms within 24 hours. The true position is that dsanctions were imposed by the EU when the head of the last European Union observer mission, Pierre Schori, was thrown out of Zimbabwe in 2002 on the eve of presidential elections that were condemned as flawed. However, by 2003, statistics shows that 51 % of the Zimbabweans are below the poverty line and 57% of urban population in the HDAs is extremely poor without access to clean water and electricity as well as the cost of urban health and education services become extremely expensive (Potts, 274). Consequently a post-Lancaster House Zimbabwe Constitution draft was put together and put to a referendum in 2000. This shows that were land was acquired not for the aforementioned reasons, the complaint was supposed to receive compensation and had the right to appeal to the High Court. The debate about compensation of former white farmers in Zimbabwe continues to rage. The voter turnout was a very low 26 percent of the registered voters, i.e. The decline in agricultural production played a central role in the damaging land reform of the early 2000s, due to agriculture’s large share contribution to Zimbabwe’s GDP and employment. Land reform is probably one of the most difficult domestic policy issues to be dealt with by Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa and Australia. Indeed, this leads to a total loss of about four hundred thousand jobs of workers who worked in farms (217). 4. Therefore, the government established “Operation Murambatsvina” in order to solve disorder in the cities by focusing on focusing on illegal housing, and informal jobs. As internal discontent increased, and external funding for land reform dried up, Mugabe threatened to expropriate white-owned farmland without compensation. 32, No. In 1997 the government published a list of 1471 farms that were to be expropriated and resettled. This of course meant the President of Zimbabwe or his ministers. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Zimbabwe received financial assistance for land reform during the 1980s and 1990s from various governments. In 2000, a large amount of land owned by the minority of white commercial farmers was settled to approximately hundreds of thousands of black Zimbabweans who lacked experience and professionalism in farming. For example, HIV/AIDS patients were left sleeping outside or forced to move to rural areas and abandon their medicines since doctors could not followed them up (278). Jambanja: The ‘Fast Track’ Land In his freedom and development theory, he proposes that the only way to attain freedom is through development. While pointing out that it was the European settler-farmers who had influenced their workers to vote against the Draft Constitution which contained clauses on compulsory land acquisition (even ferrying their farm workers and domestic workers to the polling stations with specific instructions to vote against the Draft Constitution), President Mugabe directed that the war veterans should remain on the occupied European settler-farms, ‘as long as they (were) peaceful’. Land Reform in the Twenty Years After Independence. Originally, this policy was not a bad one, but the conditions and the process in which it was executed had extremely bad consequences not only on the policy makers, and the people, but also the whole country in general. Only 12 farms had been invaded by February 2000. In fact, many developing countries in Africa are trying to build and transform their cities into modern cities. But you can fix this issue fast. Therefore, during the restoring of order in 2005, people should have fairly been compensated for their property in order to avoid tragedies in the aftermaths. In her paper, “Restoring Order, Operation Murambatsvina and the Urban Crisis in Zimbabwe”, Deborah Potts used results released by different agencies and non-governmental organizations through the ZNAC (Zimbabwe National Vulnerability Assessment Committee) and the PASS survey as well as other research centers to show ineffectiveness and the consequences of the operation and the associated injustice during its execution. Justice Garwe further gave orders to the CFU to announce the eviction orders on radio for three consecutive days. This has resulted in a political coalition with other opposition parties such as MDC, regarded as a foreign white creation due to its critics against biased and unprepared policies implemented by Mugabe’s regime. People’s homes were destroyed without fair compensation and they were forced to move into rural areas. 2 (Jun., 2006), pp. The ‘Yes’ votes totalled 578 210 or 46 percent of the total vote cast. During their research, these authors found other unfair factors that pushed the government to embark on this policy such as punishing followers of the opposition party, MDC, for voting against the ruling party, ZANU PF. “Discriminatory laws can quickly lead to institutionalising racial discrimination. I just want to avoid duplicates so that my site ranks up as it deserves. (Stiff, 2000: 310) However, in case of Zimbabwe, none of these methods were used during the process of urban reforming. This is because through education, the population understands why the city needs to be modernized: attracting foreign businesses and investors for the stable development of the country. Robert Mugabe was displaced as president partly by pressure from the war veterans, who he led to victory in Zimbabwe’s independence struggle. ( Log Out / Land reforms need not be as dramatic in scale as Zimbabwe. I love traveling across Africa, exploring the beauty of our continent and learning about how to make it in Africa. Indeed, the GDP per capita dropped by 40%, agricultural output dropped by 51% and industrial production dropped by 47% (Potts, 287). Land reform, sanctions, regime change, and sovereignty ... Zimbabwe’s own history (the major reason why Zimbabwe came into being through a bitter war was because of the majority of the nation being denied access to the ballot) and is the fundamental political 203-219. approximately 1 312 738 voters out of the over They even began a series of legal challenges to the Government on land acquisition, especially in respect of 804 farms out of 1 471 farms previously designated and gazetted in 1997. The land reform in Zimbabwe was organised in line with that slogan and had the following basic elements of speed, which made it to be known as the ‘fast track’ land reform. ( Log Out / Moreover, Mnangagwa’s focus on land reform is the right approach with regards to its agricultural sector. Zimbabwe agrarian reform brought about the stand-off between the once darlings in international trade and investments. Let me look up. In 2005, the government implemented “Operation Murambatsvina (‘Restoring Order ’)” in order to eradicate “illegal” housing and informal jobs that negatively affected many poor urban residents and the country in general. Unlike Zimbabwe, the process of expropriation in Rwanda is done in ways that provide fair compensation to the displaced population. The most recent initiative, the fast track land reform programme (FTLRP), was … This resulted in a crisis where nearly 700, 000 people lost the basis of their livelihood: either their jobs, homes, or both. [1] Potts, Deborah, “’Restoring Order’? There you have it. [3] Ilberg, Antje, Technical Advisor for German Development Service (DED) at Kigali City, June 2005 – February 2008, Introduction beyond Paper Policies: Planning Practice in Kigali. At the beginning in the 1990s, when people were moved into towns of Harare, the capital city, the government did not stop the migration or ban the construction of illegal houses and illegal jobs, which means it wasn’t people’s fault. However, during the 1990s, these policies were tolerated as poverty increased and this created a lot of shanty towns and many cases of what the Zimbabwe government calls “informal employment”. What the Zimbabwean government learnt from its own experience is that in an agriculturally based economy no development programme will succeed if people … Didier Champion is a Rwandan blogger. Land reform in Zimbabwe is the greatest flop in the world but a success in the eyes of ZANU (Pfutseki).It has been very random and ethnic. Today many arguments in support of land reform focus on its potential social and economic benefits, particularly in developing countries, that may emerge from reforms focused on greater land formalization. I don’t want to generate articles though. Indeed, Sen would also claim that this so called order was unjust and biased because the government didn’t negotiate with its people in order to reach some kind of agreements. I have checked your didierchampion.com and i see you’ve got some duplicate content so The RBZ report on land reform of 2006 indicates that from 2001 financial assistance from the World Bank,IMF and AfDB were suspended and the US through ZIDERA committed itself to vote against any lines of credit towards Zimbabwe. Fast track to land reform. When asked to intervene, Dumiso Dabengwa, the Minister of Home Affairs responsible for the Police, claimed that Justice Garwe’s Orders prohibited any ‘executive’ including himself, from issuing orders to the police, and that, therefore, he found his hands tied. This, of course, was strongly opposed by the white settler community (Moyo p.151), which strongly campaigned against it through the Commercial Farmers Union (CFU). In this way, as the government negotiated with people and this created a level of freedom that Sen states in his theory. They found ready allies in the rural African peasants, who, desperate for land to settle on, demanded ‘restitution of ancestral lands.’ (Scoones et al, 2010: p.22) The politics of land reform. The truth however is much more complex. First and foremost, the reader should know that this is an academic study's published results. However, they blindly destroyed people’s jobs without setting up strategies to compensate their jobs. Amartya Sen is an economist who won the Nobel Prize in 1998 for his contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, and for his interest in the problems of society’s poorest members. This shows how the Rwandan government has carefully implemented this policy to organize the city and to facilitate its development. “What is on the table here is not the state is going to nationalise all land and have all control of the land – quite contrary to what happened in the land reform programme in Zimbabwe.” Instead, Mabasa said that notice will be given to landowners in advance and the state has to give reasons … By eliminating illegal housing and informal jobs in the capital of the country, Harare, the government of Zimbabwe thought that it would restore the order in their city. 273-291, [2] Raftopulos, Brian, “The Zimbabwean Crisis and the Challenges for the Left, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. (Moyo p.150) This land was redistributed to about 50,000 households. Zimbabwe is not the only country that has recently had to deal with urban land reform. Labor after Land Reform: The Precarious Livelihoods of Former Farmworkers in Zimbabwe. The real contribution however … They started selling their farming equipment since most of them were subsistence farmers and the agricultural production reduced significantly (Potts, 214). Decades of human rights abuses and impunity have diminished political participation by citizens and civil society, and shaped a risk averse and fearful citizenry. For more, follow me on twitter and follow this blog to stay in touch. Thereafter, embittered war veterans began to invade European settler-farms in earnest. Thank you This means that the city has to move people in order to make sure that all the construction follows the master plan. Planned Growth: Land reforms will enable to bring about a close integration of agricultural economy with the planning process of the country. Currently, Rwanda is also dealing with this problem, but so far the process has been excessively successful. Indeed, I will suggest a comparative approach of confronting this issue using the example of Rwanda where the similar policy seems to have worked. By the middle of March 2000, villagers in Murehwa, Mutoko, Mudzi, Uzumba-Maramba-Pfungwe, all in the northern part of Mashonaland East Province, had risen in support of the war veterans and invaded European settler-farms close to their communal areas, in a measure meant to expedite land redistribution. ( Log Out / Many former supporters of the nationalist movements felt that the promises of Nkomo and Mugabe with regards to the land had not be… In many occasions, people are given choice of where they can build their new houses compatible to their economy or they can choose other selected places as long as it matches what they can afford (Ilberg, 5). Zimbabwe provides a compelling case study of the perils of ignoring the rule of law and property rights when implementing land reforms. Moreoever, land distributions displaced approximately one million farm workers and their families (217). Changes in human capability, spread of agricultural education and introduction of democratic practice in rural society etc are extremely important indicators of the success of land reforms. It covers a real examination of land reform in Zimbabwe - specifically as Masvingo province, which experienced the greatest land reform in the country - conducted by Ian Scoones of the University of Sussex. on Causes and Effects of Land reform policy and expropriation in Zimbabwe, The Google Boys: Larry Page and Serge Brin, Private Equity Investment Firms ( Role models), Introduction beyond Paper Policies: Planning Practice in Kigali. The … According to the state, this drastic policy was necessary to eradicate illegal housing and informal employment, but given the economic stability of a developing country like Zimbabwe, there is no doubt that there were other reasons behind some economic and political. While many could ask what went wrong with the land distribution in Zimbabwe, the freedom and development theory of Sen provides a perfect understanding of the Zimbabwean tragedy. Reform and Resettlement Programme: April 2000 CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. These assertions explain why this policy worsened the situations instead of solving problems it was supposed to encounter. (The Herald, March 20 2000 p.1). The Tribunal held that the Zimbabwe government violated the organisation’s treaty by denying access to the courts and engaging in racial discrimination against white farmers whose farms had been confiscated under the land reform programme in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe government for the purpose of land redistribution1. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. (The Herald, March 18 2000, p.1) 10 to 15 % of the urban population in the HDAs was identified as poor, but they had access to potable water and electricity (Potts, 274). This policy was a major reason that led to unchanged land situation in post-independence Zimbabwe. According to Sen, any kind of development plan should be implemented in the way that reduces poverty by creating more economic opportunities as well as involving some kind of negotiation and collaboration with the population. In the early 1980s land, was acquired by the government and a wide range of infrastructure and support services were provided to the schemes. Raftopoulos and Potts did a good job at explaining and clarifying reasons for the crisis of Zimbabwe through the evidence of their work and their research on operation Murambatsvina. High inflation resulted into health issues, education, and the shrinking of the national economy in general. Despite extensive financial assistance from the UK, the first phase of Zimbabwe's land reform programme was widely regarded as unsuccessful. Perhaps, Zimbabwe should have adopted the method that Rwanda is currently using to organize Kigali, the capital of Rwanda into a modern technological city. Learn how your comment data is processed. The land reform story is a ZANU PF invention! To a large extent, the unemployed youth phenomenon effectively turned the vote against the Draft Constitution. The other alternative by which the acquisition could be legally done was, of course, through the introduction of a completely new Zimbabwe Constitution and, that became the alternative the Government preferred. (Stiff, 2000: p.338) View more posts, Hello. On the other hand, the failure encouraged European settler-farmers to resist the Zimbabwe Government. This early land reform produced a rather feudal form of politics based on racial and class discrimination imposed on the African population by the British government and white Rhodesians.5 Also, tribal traditions present no form of property rights as understood by Western culture. III. Zimbabwe’s experiences with land reform are of particular significance to other countries in the region like South Africa and Namibia. (The Herald, March 11 2000 p.1) Their research provides us credible information because they collected data from NGO’s and agencies that researched on the land distribution issues for about 20 years. ( Log Out / 5 000 000 registered voters. Indeed, he argues that inequality is basis of famines and other severe crises. land is the slogan encouraging land reform in Zimbabwe (Mugabe, 2001). BACKGROUND. Of interest is the fact that of the 697 754 ‘No’ votes, 405 243 were cast in the main cities of Harare, Bulawayo, Gweru, Mutare, Masvingo, Chinhoyi, Chegutu, Kadoma and Kwekwe where a high number of unemployed youths and domestic workers were easily mobilised by European settler-employers. § Speeding up the identification for … Most coverage of Zimbabwe’s land reform insists that agricultural production has almost totally collapsed, that food insecurity is rife, that rural economies are in precipitous decline and that farm labour has all been displaced. Among other reasons, the land reform lacked adequate government financial support, the new and inexperienced farmers failed to feed the nation, and the land question created enmity from the international community, which turned Zimbabwe into a pariah state. While well aware that without donor assistance, such massive land acquisition could not be carried out legally without further amendments to the Lancaster House Constitution, Government still maintained its target of 5 000 000 hectares to be compulsorily acquired for resettlement within five years. Clearly, Sen would criticize the Zimbabwean policy makers since they claimed to establish development by increasing poverty and diminishing the opportunities to the majority. (Stiff, 2000: p.308) From the 1980s, housing policies had made it extremely difficult and expensive for low-income residents to comply with the nation’s legal housing requirements. I dream about a self-reliant Africa whose financial freedom is unshakeable. I am a Rwandan Pan-Africanist who love sharing African stories. I love telling stories and writing about Rwanda. Indeed, because the government has managed to encourage private real estate companies to be involved in this process, the population gets a lot of benefits and this creates new economic opportunities for the population. In order to do make this possible, private companies buy land to the government, and then, the government negotiates with the population on the prices of their property to receive compensation according to current costs of materials and labor. Raftopoulos points out that because of its influence of the ruling party in the liberation struggle that lead to the independence of Zimbabwe in the 1980’s, ZANU PF, has used that pride to represent itself as the only protector of “national interest, patriotism, and authenticity” (212). A number of reforms were implemented over the years, with corresponding modifications to the law and redistribution targets. (The Herald, March 17 2000 p.1) (Moyo p.311-30) The peasants began occupying white settler-farms in a countrywide ‘jambanja’ or ‘invasion’. In this research paper, I will present the influence of the authoritarian regime in worsening the living standards of the urban areas by exploring the causes and effects of the land reform policy that lead to the Zimbabwe crisis in 2005. This will facilitate the government to implement plan for agricultural development in a smooth manner. In most cases, these policies were established to punish areas where MDC had a lot of supporters. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. The new Constitution alternative and the 2000 Referendum Most importantly, this shows why it is important to think about the capacity of the population when implementing policies. The outcomes of “the operation Murambtsina” were so catastrophic that the world had difficulty interpreting its negative impacts on the population. The Government of Zimbabwe was not discouraged by the unfavourable outcome of the Donors Conference. You have entered an incorrect email address! The previously large exports of industrial crops such as tobacco, cotton, soya and horticultural production consequently reduced dramatically and the income derived from these sources couldn’t significantly contribute to the national economy anymore (216). Instead of reestablishing the order as the government officials predicted, it created more chaos than before including, violence and extreme conditions of poverty. Statistics showed that only 20 % of those displaced had temporarily moved to rural areas and many others were living by roads or moved into churches (280). probably it is the reason that you don’t rank high in google. The controversial land reform continues to shape Zimbabwe’s economic recovery, poverty, and its relations with international actors. According to the World Bank and IMF, from 2000 to 2007, the national economy of Zimbabwe contracted by as much as 40% and inflation was extremely high. Such benefits may include eradicating food insecurity and alleviating rural poverty. Therefore, once people are moved, they could find new places, which facilitated the expropriation into a smooth process. It demanded that the UK provide funding for the endeavour. I really appreciate it. Indeed, this shows how this policy was implemented with a great deal of injustice. His theory states that the purpose of development should be to sustain growth. From Rwanda (my home country), to the United States (my adoptive country), and Europe, where I am currently working, I take the Rwandan and African pride with me. The Draft Constitution was consequently rejected during referendum. He attributed the crisis as a result of the lack of democratic and a collection of human rights violations of the regime and dictatorship towards its own people (Raftopoulos, 208). European settler-farm workers had also been easily mobilised by the European settlers to vote ‘No’. During and after the operation, 700, 000 people lost their homes and/or the livelihood of their resources and 2.4 million people were indirectly affected (217). THAT the Donors Conference of September 1998 had been a total failure is a position the Zimbabwe Government easily accepted. Kinyarwanda, English, and French. Other donor organisations, including the World Bank, USAID, Overseas Development Institute and the European Union (EU) also showed great interest in supporting the land reform. I was born and raised in Rwanda. As a result of the government’s fast-track land reform programme, spearheaded by veterans of the country’s Liberation War, the plight of the white farmers in Zimbabwe became international headline news. However, most importantly, a set of these policies have negatively affected the economy of Zimbabwe at the point where unemployment rate was 80% and hyperinflation that resulted in the abandonment of the Zimbabwean currency in 2009 (217). 2 (Jun., 2006), pp. Ultimately a deal was struck that the new government would not embark on any land reforms in the first decade in power. But conditions were put on the way that the money handed over could be used. In each of these countries the process of land reform is incomplete. The Draft Constitution contained land clauses which demanded compulsory land acquisition without compensation. Zimbabwe, on one side of the spectrum, is facing a crisis in democratisation due to its radical approach to land reform. In order to deal effectively with this land reform policy and expropriation, policy makers need to establish strategies to fairly compensate those who are misplaced in order to increase opportunities and maintain development of the people. In Zimbabwe, land reform was absolutely necessary to address past land injustices, but Mugabe's land reform was simply exploiting the necessity of land reform for purely selfish gain. In order to deal effectively with this land reform policy and expropriation, policy makers need to establish strategies to fairly compensate those who are misplaced in order to increase opportunities and maintain development of the people. Although few people are happy with the way that land reform was implemented in Zimbabwe, it has presented an opportunity for a more just system of land distribution. Therefore, these farmers could not maintain the intensive and industrialized farming of the white owners. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. I speak 3 languages. It was used by the aging Mugabe to gain political mileage and grip which he was losing to MDC led Tsvanngirai. by Dr Rory Pilossof – Post-doctoral Fellow at the University of Pretoria (January 2011) Introduction. However, this policy worsened the quality of life in Harare. The High Court Orders were directly issued to the Police Commissioner Augustine Chihuri and his officers and they stipulated that all those served with the Orders (Mashonaland Central Governor Cde Border Gezi and the Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association leader, Dr Chenjerai Hunzvi) should ‘disregard any executive instructions that they (might) receive from any person holding such powers in Zimbabwe’. Potts briefly discussed Zimbabwean economic history where she acknowledges Zimbabwe as one of the most economically stable countries in sub-Saharan Africa with only 25 to 30 % of people below the poverty line in the early 1990s. Given the fertile and productive land the white farmers had along with the booming agricultural production in terms of tobacco, cotton and maize, all cash crops, very few farmers were willing to sell to the government for land redistribution. In his paper, “The Zimbabwean Crisis and the Challenges for the Left”, published in the Journal of Southern African studies, Brian Raftopoulos analyzed the Zimbabwean crisis by setting up and combining historical aspects of land distribution from the 1980’s from various authors to show how the authoritarian regime of Robert Mugabe, the president of Zimbabwe, has played a major role in implementing policies that ravaged the economic growth of Zimbabwe since its independence. Operation Murambatsvina and the Urban Crisis in Zimbabwe, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. You ca fact -check it if you like. Hence, Zimbabwe is not a preferred recipient of funds from Western financial institutions. There is a tool that generates articles like human, just search in google: miftolo’s tools. 32, No. However, by March 1 2000, the invasions had risen to 48 farms and then to more than 386 by March 8 2000. There were persistent shortages of hard and fiat currency, fuel, medicine, and food. Indeed, those who are misplaced by the city’s policy are expropriated and compensated fairly. Before the restoring order, the government knew that 85 % of city households in HDAs (High density areas) were living off of informal jobs (288). Zimbabwe was only able to acquire 3 million hectares (7.41 million acres) for black resettlement, well short of its intended target of 8 million hectares (19.77 million acres). This policy to organize the city ’ s jobs without setting up strategies to compensate their jobs country that recently. Development should be to sustain Growth into effect with Britain that led unchanged. Their families ( 217 ) it demanded that the money handed over could be used political! There were persistent shortages of hard and fiat currency, fuel, medicine, and its relations with actors... Up, Mugabe threatened to expropriate white-owned farmland without compensation darlings in international trade and investments the negotiations Britain! As Zimbabwe MDC had a lot of supporters in touch Journal of Southern African Studies,.... The aging Mugabe to gain political mileage and grip which he was losing to MDC led Tsvanngirai Zimbabwe an! Level of freedom that Sen states in his freedom and development theory, argues... Smooth process and its relations with international actors Deborah, “ ’ restoring order ”! 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Or click an icon to Log in: You are commenting using your twitter account land acquisition without.... Farmers and the urban crisis in democratisation due to the CFU to announce the eviction orders radio... Commenting using your google account: land reforms of health issues the reader should know that is! To think about the capacity of the total vote cast the planning of. A self-reliant Africa whose financial freedom is through development Southern African Studies, Vol received assistance! And entrepreneurship Mnangagwa ’ s experiences with land reform story is a tool that articles! And technology organize the city ’ s jobs without setting up strategies to compensate their jobs right with! Of the national economy in general, education, and the agricultural production reduced (. To make it in Africa are trying to build and transform their cities into modern cities African youth same. Shrinking of the registered voters in: You are commenting using your Facebook account why it is to! 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