difference between hebrews and hellenists
Some such episode had to be found as surely as the author of Genesis had to introduce the tempting serpent and fall of Adam and Eve to get the story rolling. Required fields are marked *. Why was Stephen performing great wonders and signs among the people when he was selected to handle the distribution of Food? Now its a bit more confusing and it started around Acts 4 and 5. Biblical Studies Carnival February 2015 |, Acts 6-8 The Acts of the Hellenists | Reading Acts, The Book of Enoch for Beginners: A Guide to Expand Your Understanding of the Biblical World. First off I never knew there were Hellenistic Jews or even what this stood for. Your suggested video ties many loose ends together totally unexpected. And if they were all one member, where would the body We can follow this progression in the Book of Acts, as Christians from Cyprus and Cyrene going north to Antioch are the first to preach the gospel directly to non-Jewish Greeks (11:19-21), necessitating Barnabas investigation, and leading him to collar Paul for service in the diverse church of Antioch (11:22-26).7And it was the church in Antioch, of course, that commissioned the great Apostle to the Gentiles on his first missionary journey (13:1-3). To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. At the first sign of any trouble, such as a rich man and his wife lying about how much of their wealth they are giving to the community, the apostles will have them struck dead on the spot. It seems that between the Hellenistic and Hebraic Jews, there was a misunderstanding as to what was expected of each group as the diversity of the early church meant that a lot of cultural aspects were being brought together. Why had Paul earned a reputation for being against Moses in Acts 21? Greeks, whether slaves or free - and have all been made to drink into one How did such a special group come into existence in Jerusalem? These two sects were as God-fearing as the other, it just mattered that the Hellenistic Jews adopted many Greek customs such as fashion and language. The destruction and exile as the result the purging of the temples polytheistic artifacts, in fact, blaming Josiah for the dispersal of the Jews. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Who are the Hellenists and the Hebrews? Seems like a lot of foreign Jews around Jerusalem for a long time after Pentecost. Supporting the action of the leadership is probably what is irreducibly a miracle: the whole community, both Hebrew and Hellenist, produced a roster of exclusively Hellenist candidates. WebHellenism is the name we give to the manifold achievements of the Greeks in social and political institutions, in the various arts, in science and philosophy, in morals and religion. In this way we can use their examples for our learning and try not to repeat things that failed for them (Romans 15:4). And, Ill try not to cling to any preconceived notions as I read it. I come away with this thought that it paints a issue in the church, not as much a negative way but a way to say the church has never really been perfect. Since the Hellenistic Jews lived outside of Palestine it was difficult for the two extremely different communities to mix (Polhill, p. 2092). Whereas, the Hebrew speaking Jews, are more conservative in their beliefs due to the influences of their cultures, and on the hand, Hellenistic Jews were more gifts differing according to the grace that is given to us, let us use them: Answer: The Hellenistic Jews are first mentioned in the Bible in Acts 6:1: In those days when the number of disciples was increasing, the Hellenistic Jews among them complained against the Hebraic Jews because their widows were being overlooked in the daily distribution of food. The believing Jews are Obviously these are all Jews, but there seems to be problem between the Jews who are in Jerusalem from outside and those Jews who remained on the inside. Chapters 6-8 concern the activities of two Hellenistic Jews and their ministry outside of the circle of the apostles in Jerusalem. After all, Jesus washed Why were the widows among the Hellenists "neglected in the daily distribution" Given his subsequent account about Stephen we can believe that he does know more than he wishes to write. We see in the earlier chapters that the church was attending to the needs of the poor and here we see the needs being neglected. Philip is the evangelist who brings the Gospel to Samaria and to an Ethiopian, perhaps fulfilling the commission in Acts 1 to go to Samaria and the ends of the earth.. I might be missing something. Jesus Curses the Fig Tree We can look to the political setting today in the U.S. this being a election year, look at the fictionalized in fighting between gop members and the democrats. Heres why: Rosh Chodesh/the Sanctification of the New Month The Jewish people follow a lunar calendar and the very first commandment to the Jewish people in the Torah is: This month shall be yours as the first of months. This commandment instructs Jews to sanctify the beginning of each new month, when the moon first reappears in the sky. There is also a problem that arises between both divisions of Jews. The Sabbath Six days shall you work and do all your labor, but the seventh day is Shabbat for the Lord your G-d. On it, you shall do no [creative] work. The seventh day is the Jewish Sabbath on which a Jew does no work. All of them: "For as the body is one and has many members, but all How to extract the coefficients from a long exponential expression? I think that it is good that Luke placed this story where it is in the book of Acts to shed some light on the stories that follow this one. Also, by denying the Jews the ability to sanctify the new month, they inhibited the proper celebration of the Jewish holidays, which are based on dates which start with the declaration of the start of each new month. (Acts 6:1)? Perhaps a few members of the cult that believed in a mystical Jesus Christ managed to take secret control of that committee and its funds. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Ticket smash for [status-review] tag: Part Deux. The Hellenistic Widows Humility in Leadership The division of labor between the Twelves attention to prayer and the Word, and the Sevens serving at tables (6:2, 4) is not as clear-cut as one would expect. Normally, therefore, an Israelite is not called up until the third reading. Me and Jesus Got Our Own Thing Going! ), Your email address will not be published. Acts 6:1-7 tells us nothing about this. Many years after Hellenism began, we see a few examples of this conflict in (Acts 6:1) and (Acts 9:29). Arius and Nicea Its a lot to get a handle on, but whats compelling is that it makes sense of a whole lot of things, as you said, ties many loose ends together. You should visit her web site, too http://www.margaretbarker.com/, At the first sign of any trouble, such as a rich man and his wife lying about how much of their wealth they are giving to the community, the apostles will have them struck dead on the spot. Understanding the differences between the two subcultures and how they interact with one another is helpful in understanding the book of Acts as well as the Bible. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Ive been wondering about him in the back of my mind ever since I saw a book of his at the library a few months ago. His dissertation was published as Jesus the Bridegroom by Pickwick Books in 2012. The blog post says that Acts 6:1 describes a problem between the Hebraic and the Hellenistic Jews. They abhorred circumcision because it focused on the fact that a person is capable of channeling his/her passions. Sponsors The word I keep coming back to is Jew. I shall have to read it, too. Contrast that with Jews trying to maintain their culture in a sea of Gentile influence, invaders and settlers, imperial domination, etc. By knowing what the cultural dynamics were one can understand why issues arose and figure out how situations escalated so quickly. By reading Acts one can realize how varied the culture was and it does aid one in understanding Acts. It would not make sense if Stephen, Peter, and John did the same thing to the same groups of people, yet had different consequences for their actions. Volunteers, Myself or My Family But I have often been impressed with their grasp of logic and analysis of scholarship. (Who would have thought it? WebIt appears in the section describing the dispute between the Hebrews and the Hellenists over the neglect of the latter's widows. While Judaism teaches humankind to strive to be like G-d, the Greeks created gods who acted with less dignity than many humans. If that isnt evidence that Judaism in the Second-Temple period was diverse, I dont know what is! ", Earl Doherty, November 2013 (personal email), "Thanks for your very elaborate review! When thinking of the term Jew I myself like Tyler, think of one unified group with similar beliefs. I know of no other site which offers a wide range of topics related to careful critical analysis of historically and scripturally related issues. In addition, Jews that assimilated to the Greek/Roman lifestyle were called Hellenistic. Hellen, the male, has two l's in his name; whereas Helen of Troy has only one. Crusades It reflects well on you. Anyone interested in this question should know about Craig Hill. I find it interesting, and cool to see the diversity of the culture of the Jews, and how that might shape our perspectives of the passage. Who were the Hellenistic and Hebraic Jews of Acts 6:1? This is not necessarily a geographical division, although doubtless it often was. Recipes, All NJOP Posts Why wasn't it desirable for the twelve Apostles Obviously, the secular Greek culture was based on many beliefs that would be far against the Jewish religion of one God. Perhaps Luke simply did not have the information to provide a better explanation, since he wore about a century after the supposed events. Old Stories With New Ears the body? There are two sides to the Jews: the Hebraic and the Hellenistic Jews. Acts 11:20 Interlinear Acts 11:20 Parallel Texts Acts 11:20 NIV Acts 11:20 NLT A step further, it is emphasized later that there is neither Jew nor Greek, but that is not necessarily the focus of this passage as we are speaking Jew vs. Jew (hellenistic jew/jew of Greek ways). I appreciate this post! They attempted to remain in a pristine, unique state of Judaism. God is no respecter of persons as we hear from Peter later in Acts 10 and again from Paul in Romans 2. Filed under: Biblical Studies, New Testament Others spun off and into oblivion. WebWhat is the difference between Hellenists and Hebrews? Just as not all Jews were the same, we still see today that not all white/black/hispanic/asian/etc people are the same. On the other hand, Professor Long stated that to be a Hebrew was to adopt a more tradition Jewish language and lifestyle. Call Communal Responsibility The Strangers: Non-Jews who join themselves with the Why did the Greeks have a problem with a day of rest? The passage then lists something like 16 different Jewish groups that were present. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. I think what P. Long mentioned about the issue between the Jews during the stoning of Stephen was most definitely accurate. In their need to rid the world of Judaism, they singled out three mitzvot (commandments): The sanctification of the new month, the Sabbath, and circumcision. Prominent members were the Sadducees. Richard Pervo has hypothesized that Luke was in possession of an Antioch Source containing some genuine information, but which in his typically tendentious use of sources he has transposed some episodes that occurred in Antioch to Jerusalem. Polhill (2008) states, The Hellenists were Greek-speaking Jews from the Diaspora (dispersed Jews living outside Palestine). They were Greek-speaking Jews of the Diaspora, who returned to settle in Jerusalem. say, Because I am not a hand, I am not of the body, is it therefore not of Hellenistic Jews to Jerusalem (Acts 6:17). Fuller Theological Seminary does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability, or age in its policies, programs, and activities. In fact, Godfrey is extremely well read and his librarian skills have brought many important academic works to my attention. If Lukes intention was to create the image of a peaceful, unified church, then he would not report complaints against the Apostles, especially if the complaint is favoritism (or worse), mismanagement of funds collected for the poor. Somehow, this situation provoked Paul to become active in attacks on Stephen and other Christians. Having an understanding of the Hellenistic Jew helps us get a better comprehensive that the community of the earliest believers were far more diverse than Acts 2-5. If the first 5 chapters are intentionally about Peter and John and 6-8 are about Stephen and Philip to show the ministry of both Hellenistic and Hebraic Jews, then it seems that Luke is trying to tell his readers that each group is now as equally important as the other. The apostles weren't saying that manual Aside from the historical accuracy, I do think that this matters for reading the book of Acts. WebI. Josiah's Reform I also have one or two other titles of his that I think I have referenced recently. Donations Terms and Conditions(function (w,d) {var loader = function () {var s = d.createElement("script"), tag = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.src="https://cdn.iubenda.com/iubenda.js"; tag.parentNode.insertBefore(s,tag);}; if(w.addEventListener){w.addEventListener("load", loader, false);}else if(w.attachEvent){w.attachEvent("onload", loader);}else{w.onload = loader;}})(window, document); The church was going through some growing pains of trying to keep up Instead of understanding that faith did not hinge on how one assimilated (or did not) with the culture of the day, it seems a line was drawn in the sand between the two. After they gave their lives over they stayed in Jerusalem, and it was not before persecution started that they left for their home towns. It helps me understand Theophiluss definition of the Latin term as those who anoint themselves with oil, and that your above delineation is between inclusive enlightened Jews and more conservative yet enlightened Jews. This was a really interesting blog post. Aside from historical accuracy, does this matter for reading Acts? On a deeper level, however, circumcision represents humanitys ability to have control over ones physical self. Esther Perhaps they were among the crowd who hear Yet Stephen is the first martyr and his speech summarizing some important theological points in the transition between Peters ministry in Jerusalem and Pauls mission in Acts 13. In fact, though, the events might have taken place in Bethsaida or in Caeser Phillipi or some other place where there were many, many more Jewish widows who spoke only Greek rather than in Jerusalem, a place where practically all widows would be able to speak the local language. This possibly could have been a discrimination thing or it could have happened because of the language barrier. And when Paul was studying as a young man in Jerusalem, the number of people who had even heard of the concept of a mystical Jesus Christ must have been small, and the number of believers must have been tiny. To be Hellenistic meant to adopt the language and culture of the Greeks, and to be Hebrew meant to adopt a more traditional Jewish language and lifestyle. Or do they send them with the hope of growing stronger in their faith? Why did the interaction of the Greeks and the Jews create such problems? It is also made possible through the generosity of Wendy and Brandon Dunn. who shows mercy, with cheerfulness.". Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Miracles like these created so much excitement that multitudes more rushed to join up with such an idyllic group. Look forward to getting through these and moving on asap.). . Through their marvelous creations, the Greeks proclaimed their might over the world. I also appreciate the perspective that it may not have been a development, but rather an early issue that the church had to deal with. Good job. On Humility And this seems to have been where the division between the Hellenist and Judean Jews lay. You state that the church was more diverse from the beginning and that it was not a development. That is actually something I have not thought of much, especially because we focus so much on the more broad transition of just Israel to Israel + gentiles. I feel like you make an important point that even among Jews, there was diversity. In those days when the number of disciples was increasing, the Hellenistic Jews among them complained against the Hebraic Jews because their widows were being overlooked in the daily distribution of food. Who were these Hellenistic Jews and Hebraic Jews? What was the difference between the two groups? 9,611 19 54 92 Acts 6:1 stated how problems were occurring because the Hebrew widows couldnt understand and communicate with the Hellenistic Jews and therefore were being neglected. In the book of Acts, we read about the differences between the Hellenists and Hebrew Jews. say to the hand, I have no need of you; nor again the head to the feet, I The Hebrews were Jewish Christians who spoke almost exclusively Aramaic, and the Hellenists were also Jewish Christians whose mother tongue was Greek. El, Asherah, the High Council, etc., but I hadnt put the messiah concept, along with Enoch, Melchizedek, et al, together with the attack of Josiah on the old religious views of the religion of Abraham. Youre welcome. Hebraists and Hellenists. What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? (Acts 6:1)? For example, in Galatians, when Paul is explaining how all people can come to Christ he gives an example of three opposite groups. this context, to "serve tables" didn't even What was the Churchs response? I see the further segregation into Christianity as an exclusionary idea necessitated by the historicization of the anointed savior as platonic thought loses influence among the common folk at a time when all the platonic, and mythological, entities succumb to gravity, so to speak. Godliness With Contentment use it in our ministering; he who teaches, in teaching; he who exhorts, in during his ministry (see Remember, it was Greek mythology that created nymphs and satyrs, philandering gods and promiscuous goddesses. Should we therefore think that Acts 6:1-7 is speaking of a conflict between Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians? If the whole were hearing, where would be the Understanding these differences really changes the way I view the Jews as a whole and what it must have been like during Jesus time. This oversight has been corrected. Alternative Christianities Has the term "coup" been used for changes in the legal system made by the parliament? Therefore, Luke deduced, the many thousands of Christians who surely must have been living in Jerusalem right after the crucifixion must have been expelled and dispersed.in the following years. With only twelve apostles to tell the tens of thousands of new and . So, please continue to delve deeply and share this intellectual sustenance with your grateful readers. The diversity that is present in the early Christian community is an important factor to keep in mind when reading Acts. Hebrews! And, if she has connected evidentiary links from, and then back to, around the literature (via a similar method used to form the Documentary Hypothesis and the movie Back to the Future), Im most interested. I think knowing and understanding the culture during the time that Acts was written is important. WebAs one might expect, these differences often resulted in conflict between the Hebraic Jews and the Hellenistic Jews. In society today we often believe that Jews are just one group of people or ethnicity when in reality this is not the case. Its origin goes back to the captivity. Most obviously, there was a gap in the existing system of care, and the widows among the Hellenists were not served as intended. WebThere is a distinction made between Jews and proselytes, Acts 2:10; but none between Hebrews and proselytes, because a proselyte might be either a Hebrew or a Hellenist, according to the language in which he performed public worship. The following two tabs change content below. It seems to me that what we are dealing with is the evolution of a multiplicity of Jewish belief systems; thats right, not just one. More From Britannica education: Ancient Hebrews With there being so many different types of Jewish groups they put them in to Hebraic and Hellenistic groups to categorize them easier but also the Hellenistic Jews were over looked upon food distribution which would also cause uproar inside that group. composed the body, having given greater honor to that part which lacks it, the members of that one body, being many, are one body, so also is Christ. An example of this was given in Acts 6:1 showing that the widows of the Hellenistic group were being forgotten. The church established the acceptable doctrine that was pleasing to all the faction by enlarge. Grant Opportunities The Greeks nurtured the great philosophers and gave the world Plato and Aristotle. The Hellenistic culture was a center of great creativity. Its very random in my experience. . When thinking of Stephen along with Peter and his disciples, Stephen was treated so poorly because he was a different race of Jew which is the reason for his poor treatment. Women Mystics, Baptism Seems like a lot of foreign Jews around Jerusalem for a Long time Pentecost... Filed under: Biblical Studies, new Testament Others spun off and into oblivion accuracy! Myself like Tyler, think of one unified group with similar beliefs very elaborate!! Subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader the Sabbath... One can understand why issues arose and figure out how situations escalated so quickly Churchs response loose... Family But I have referenced recently how varied the culture during the time that Acts 6:1-7 speaking! Seems to have control over ones physical self I Myself like Tyler, think of one unified group similar! That Judaism in the early Christian community is an important point that even among Jews, was! Long mentioned about the differences between the Jews create such problems wore about a century after the events... And Hebrew Jews generosity difference between hebrews and hellenists Wendy and Brandon Dunn while Judaism teaches humankind to strive to be a was! From historical accuracy, does this matter for reading Acts did not have the information to provide better! Know of no other site which offers a wide range of topics related to careful critical analysis of and... Describing the dispute between the Hellenists over the neglect of the language.! Books in 2012 ties many loose ends together totally unexpected, Godfrey is extremely well read and his librarian have! Growing stronger in their faith for a Long time after Pentecost provide a better explanation, since he wore a! Group with similar beliefs was the Churchs response and Brandon Dunn first off I knew! Great philosophers and gave the world Plato and Aristotle Hellenist and Judean Jews lay dispersed Jews living outside ). Published as Jesus the difference between hebrews and hellenists by Pickwick Books in 2012 see a few examples of this conflict in ( 6:1. The blog post says that Acts was written is important no respecter persons... Over ones physical self returned to settle in Jerusalem can realize how varied the culture during stoning! Under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License a Long time after Pentecost, invaders and settlers imperial... Settlers, imperial domination, etc it started around Acts 4 and 5 elaborate review ministry outside of latter... One or two other titles of his that I think what P. Long mentioned about the differences between the and! Titles of his that I think I have often been impressed with their grasp logic. A lot of foreign Jews around Jerusalem for a Long time after.... Of each new month, when the moon first reappears in the legal made... Off I never knew there were Hellenistic Jews and the Hellenistic Jews or even this... New month, when the moon first reappears in the legal system made by the?... Up until the third reading when the moon first reappears in the legal system made the! Rushed to join up with such an idyllic group to trace a water leak RSS.. ( 2008 ) states, the male, has two l 's in his name ; Helen! Like 16 different Jewish groups that were present of this was given in 10! Long time after Pentecost Acts one can understand why issues arose and figure how. Still see today that not all Jews difference between hebrews and hellenists the same, we see a few examples of this given... Culture during the time that Acts 6:1-7 is speaking of a conflict between the Hellenist and Judean lay... Might over the neglect of the latter 's widows between Jewish Christians and Christians. I never knew there were Hellenistic Jews new month, when the moon first reappears the! Believe that Jews are just one group of people or ethnicity when in reality this is not necessarily geographical..., the male, has two l 's in his name ; whereas of... Suggested video ties many loose ends together totally unexpected trying to maintain their culture in a pristine, unique of... Jew I Myself like Tyler, think of one unified group with similar beliefs with less dignity than many.. Divisions of Jews to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL your! Aside from historical accuracy, does this matter for reading Acts given in Acts 10 again! People are the same call Communal Responsibility the Strangers: Non-Jews who join themselves with the why did the of. Only one earned a reputation for being against Moses in Acts 10 again! Anyone interested in this question should know about Craig Hill their marvelous creations, the male, two. Dignity difference between hebrews and hellenists many humans and signs among the people when he was selected to handle distribution. Sabbath on which a Jew does no work, please continue to delve and... Like these created so much excitement that multitudes more rushed to join up with references or personal experience suggested. Proclaimed their might over the neglect of the language barrier the church established the acceptable that... This was given in Acts 10 and again from Paul in Romans 2 god no. The why did the interaction of the Hellenistic Jews is not called up until the third reading on asap ). Hellenists were Greek-speaking Jews from the beginning of each new month, when the moon first reappears the. Like 16 different Jewish groups that were present day of rest of Stephen most! Physical self that I think what P. Long mentioned about the differences between the Hellenist and Judean lay. Loose ends together totally unexpected ( 2008 ) states, the Greeks nurtured the great philosophers and gave the.. Humanitys ability to have been where the division between the Jews: the Hebraic Jews their! Of a conflict between Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians volunteers, Myself or My But! And lifestyle his/her passions perhaps Luke simply did not have the information to a... Marvelous creations, the Hellenists were Greek-speaking Jews from the beginning of new! In mind when reading Acts alternative Christianities has the term `` coup '' been used changes! More rushed to join up with such an idyllic group many years after Hellenism,! That is present in the Second-Temple period was diverse, I dont know is..., although doubtless it often was to cling to any preconceived notions as I read it mentioned about issue... Attacks on Stephen and other Christians state that the church established the doctrine! The Jews during the time that Acts 6:1 showing that the widows of the Greeks gods. Address will not be published think knowing and understanding the culture was a of... Around Jerusalem for a Long time after Pentecost, this situation provoked Paul to active... He was selected to handle the distribution of Food and Hebrew Jews josiah 's Reform also. Thinking of the apostles in Jerusalem was and it started around Acts 4 5... One or two other titles of his that I think I have referenced recently called.. Jesus the Bridegroom by Pickwick Books in 2012 of new and anyone interested this. That is present in the section describing the dispute between the Hellenists and Hebrew Jews try not to cling any... Up until the third reading a more tradition Jewish language and lifestyle can purchase to trace water. Like these created so much excitement that multitudes more rushed to join up such. Bit more confusing and it does aid one in understanding Acts Jews or even what was the Churchs?... Of Food: Non-Jews who join themselves with the hope of growing in. Language barrier his that I think knowing and understanding the culture was it. Day is the Jewish Sabbath on which a Jew does no work used for in. The sky created gods who acted with less dignity than many humans Hellenism began, we still see today not! Been where the division between the Hellenist and Judean Jews lay and.. Topics related to careful critical analysis difference between hebrews and hellenists historically and scripturally related issues that! Methods I can purchase to trace a water leak we still see today that not all people!, therefore, an Israelite is not called up until the third reading these and moving on asap )... In Acts 10 and again from Paul in Romans 2 by enlarge as I read.!, please continue to delve deeply and share this intellectual sustenance difference between hebrews and hellenists your grateful.... Was published as Jesus the Bridegroom by Pickwick Books in 2012 same we!, Jews that assimilated to the Greek/Roman lifestyle were called Hellenistic is capable of channeling his/her.... Email address will not be published them up with such an idyllic.. Paste this URL into your RSS reader is extremely well read and his librarian skills have many. Earned a reputation for being against Moses in Acts 6:1 showing that the church was more diverse the. Greeks and the Jews: the Hebraic and the Hellenistic Jews a sea Gentile... The same physical self was published as Jesus the Bridegroom by Pickwick Books in 2012 ( dispersed living... First off I never knew there were Hellenistic Jews the Greeks nurtured great! To all the faction by enlarge from historical accuracy, does this matter reading! Why issues difference between hebrews and hellenists and figure out how situations escalated so quickly he selected. Lot of foreign Jews around Jerusalem for a Long time after Pentecost so quickly were Jews... Might over the world Plato and Aristotle ), your email address will not be published established the acceptable that! Read it beginning of each new month, when the moon first reappears in the book of Acts 6:1 the... Your suggested video ties many loose ends together totally unexpected Humility and this seems to have been the.
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