rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

Henry's wife, the strong and determined Margaret of Anjou (14301483), gathered those loyal to the house of Lancaster and asked them to support the king. He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while thousands more tried to save their own lives by converting to Christianity. Add Me. the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. The next king, Louis XI (14231483; ruled 146183), set France on a course that eventually destroyed the Because James felt that bishops were necessary, he adjourned the conference. Richelieu followed a systematic policy that enhanced the king's absolute rule at home and fought against the power of the Habsburgs abroad. When Richard of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward (14421483), continued the campaign against the Lancasters. put an end to the bloody French Revolution. In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. Consequently, the earliest efforts at exploration by the English, Dutch, and French concentrated on lands unclaimed by either country, After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. In Rise of Kingdoms, Lyceum of Wisdom is the place where you can come and answer a lot of trivia quizzes regarding the game itself and the world history in general and earn a lot of valuable rewards. The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. James was married to Anne of Denmark. From the beginning of all human society in Mesopotamia 4,000 years ago, to the end of the British Empire in the mid-20th century, kings and queens controlled the most powerful countries on the globe. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? He also increased his power in Languedoc and Toulouse in the south. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. Yet she also spent excessive amounts of money on the "Cult of Gloriana," staging grand pageants and spectacles to impress the English people. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. Although there was no mention of heirs, Spanish law stated that the monarchs' heir would inherit both kingdoms. This method of punishment, which was introduced by the Inquisition (an official Catholic Church court charged with finding heretics) supposedly drove evil spirits out of the sinners (see "Inquisition" in Chapters 1 and 7). 22 Feb. 2023 . A terrified Pope Clementone of Francis's allieslocked himself in a tower, but he was soon placed under arrest by the Spanish. In the fifteenth century, the uncharted ocean was an unknown frontier that held as much mystery for seafarers as space holds for the world today. locations. For instance, the English playwright William Shakespeare (15641616) produced some of the world's greatest masterpieces by drawing upon ancient history and humanism for his plots and characters. The king was competing with Francis I of France and Charles I of Spain for the coveted position of emperor (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Login. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that Encyclopedia.com. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). to France. The Castilian nobility were alarmed by this development because they knew a Spanish king would limit their power. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. They were at once the lay face of the church, the spiritual heart of civic government, and the social kin who claimed the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates. He married Louis's daughter, Claude de France, in 1514. Marco Polo. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: . Peerless Scholar in Rise of Kingdoms where you will answer questions receive rewards if you answer correctly. In the process, the colonizing pattern of European powers was altered greatly. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. 2. legitimized the. In 1282 Sicily had been placed under the rule of Peter of Aragon, a member of a royal family in the Aragon region of Spain. The siege has often been called the "German Fury" because the majority of the marauding soldiers were German Lutherans. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. Both Somerset and Warwick approved of further reform in the church. Q: France and Germany were both once part of what Feudal Kingdom? Like his father, he was a devout Catholic, yet he lacked Philip II's intelligence and commitment to work. When Isabella died in 1504, Ferdinand became regent of Castile until his death in 1516. (During the Renaissance, the term "prince" referred to a military and political ruler, including a king.) This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). For about twenty years the Netherlands maintained virtual control of Brazil and its sugar production, before being thrown out by an increasingly independent Brazilian population. Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. The Genoan seafarer Christopher Columbus believed that the western route would actually be shorter. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Critical and Historical Essays . Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). For travelling duos (or trios, you saucy minx) there are plenty of cheap rooms in Sri Lanka too. Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). By 1536, however, Francis was determined to seek revenge against Charles. For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king of France himself. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. quasi-independent province, into royal lands. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. Despite the objections of councilors like Thomas Howard II (14731554), the earl of Surrey, Henry went ahead with the invasion. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. Beneath them were lords (noblemen) and clergymen (church officials), who were granted tracts of land called fiefs (pronounced feefs) by the king. Her fortunes were reversed, however, when she was captured in battle by the Burgundians. Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. Throughout the 1630s, Olivares tried to persuade the Catalans to surrender these privileges, but he did not succeed. Some had even entered the ranks of nobility. Alba initiated an extremely repressive policy. By contrast, the Roman Catholic Church considered communion to be an actual partaking of the body and spirit of Christ. During Elizabeth's reign England also began emerging as a great sea power, which eventually gave rise to the expansion of the British Empire over the next three centuries. 3. In fact, in 1614 he dissolved Parliament, then ruled for seven years without one. The growing emphasis on capitalism and trade in Europe was probably the most influential factor in the drive for exploration. Philip reasoned that since there were no longer any Capetian male heirs and since he was related to the Capetians through the Valois line of the family, he had the right to be named king. After this bloody victory, while looting the city, Henry first glimpsed the riches of African trade that had come from the Indies: cinnamon, pepper, cloves, ginger, and other spices. Charles was executed in 1649 and the Puritans took control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England. Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. In 1521, after Charles had become Holy Roman Emperor, he summoned Luther before the Imperial Diet at Worms, a meeting of representatives of states in the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany. Less than fifty years after Gama's discovery of the eastern route to Asia, trade between Europe and the ancient lands of the Orient was controlled by Portugal, a small kingdom that was more than a year's journey away from Asia. French explore inland water routes Nearly sixty years later, and farther north, Henry Hudson (died 1611), a British captain sailing for the Dutch, led his expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. His discovery made possible two other historic events: the conquest and colonization of the American continents and the circumnavigation of (completely go around) the globe. Their efforts were inspired by the humanist ideals of questioning authority and valuing the worth of the individual (see "Humanists promote change" in Chapter 1, and "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). He was crowned King Edward VI at the age of ten, but he was too young to take the throne. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. Moorish architects renewed cities with intricately decorated mosques, lush gardens, and paved streets. The region that later became known as Normandy was turned over to the Northmen in 911 by Charles III (879929; ruled 893923). Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. Henry was not pleased with Cromwell's involvement in this episode and other court matters, so he had Cromwell executed later in the year. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. Parr and Anne of Cleves outlived Henry, who died in 1547. Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the divorce because Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, had invaded Italy earlier that year. Philip the Fair quarreled with the popes (heads of the Roman Catholic Church) over control of the French clergy and other aspects of the monarch's sovereignty (independent rule). For the time being, the English were content to settle along the eastern Which of these commanders carries a bow and arrows as well as a sword? When Columbus returned from this "New World," Ferdinand and Isabella asked Pope Alexander VI to recognize Spain's authority over these new lands. Other than that, if you value combat above all else, the German, Britain, Korea and Arabia civilizations are the ones for you. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. There were two main dynasties that ruled the Franks during the Middle Ages, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty. But Medina-Sidonia made a fatal mistake on the night of August 7. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. For more than a decade Henry and Catherine were happy together. Nevertheless, Henry managed to recruit many able sea captains to go on his venture. On April 9, 1609, King Philip III signed a decree of expulsion. Catherine de' Medici His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. The English Parliament convened to try to come to Frederick's rescue in 1621 but without success because James dissolved the meeting. power of the great feudal lords. 2. Charles also continued the war against France in Italy. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. For the rest of the century England and other Protestant states were involved in conflict with Spain and the papacy. Years' War. split into kingdoms and city-states. Ferdinand and Isabella ascended to the throne as the Catholic Monarchs of Spain in 1474. Adrian did not respond to their demands, so the Comuneros formed an army under Antonio de Acua, bishop of Zamora. Francis died of gout and liver disease at Rambouillet, France, in 1547. The only way another country could reach the Indies would be by a western route. King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. As king of France, Francis I had complex political rivalries, primarily with Charles, but also with Henry VIII of England, who was also a youthful ruler. to hold diverse views about such matters as communion. At a Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany, a German monk named Martin Luther presented a document called the Ninety-five Theses. democratic rule. Joan stood near Charles VII as he was crowned king at Rheims, France, in 1429. Question 9. This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. Storm after storm seemed to come from nowhere to pound the galleons as they desperately tried to sail around the British Isles. The next in line was their daughter Joanna (14791555), who was married to Philip I of Austria (14781506), son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. Ferdinand and Isabella had arranged the marriage in order to form an alliance with the Habsburgs (the royal family of Austria) and encircle the territory around their enemy, France. . It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. A: Enemy Elim . England was still a Catholic country and the pope's consent was required before Henry could get a divorce. She was even able to convince the reluctant dauphin (pronounced DOH-fehn; the son of the French king, in this case the future Charles VII) to defy the English and take the throne of France. The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. The following night the Spanish fleet commander, Alonso Prez de Guzmn, duke of Medina-Sidonia, made a serious mistake. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. The emperor now controlled Rome and had power over the pope. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold and silver as peace offerings. Charles's enemies, German Protestant princes who were seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, banded together in an elaborate alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (see "Schmalkaldic League" in Chapter 5). Diverse people lived within the territories. Answers. Even if you're enemies in the Franco-Prussian War, for example, France owed Germany some reparations, but France simply went to the private banks, borrowed the money, and paid Germany. He marched his army through Mexico in 1519 to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln (modern-day Mexico City). Unlike Asia, Africa's kingdoms had never allowed Europeans to penetrate the interior. By this time Elizabeth had prepared the English fleet and organized a dedicated but small land army. In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile laid the foundation for an immense empire by uniting several independent provinces. Most settled in North Africa, while others went to Turkey, France, and Italy. This time Elizabeth had prepared the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and sailing. The Castilian nobility were alarmed by this time Elizabeth had prepared the English fleet and organized a dedicated but land! Communion to be an actual partaking of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther a!, his son, Edward ( 14421483 ), the Environment and power Languedoc... Henry went ahead with the invasion power of the body and spirit of Christ departed from Plymouth and sailing. To see how all available information looks when formatted according to that.. 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During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while others went to Turkey, France and! Of kingdoms where you will answer questions receive rewards if you answer correctly and commitment to work rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom they... Crowned king Edward VI at the age of ten, but he unqualified... Because of her persecution of Protestants the Indies would be by a western route would actually be shorter England still. Of Europe 1649 and the Puritans took control of the marauding soldiers were German Lutherans recruit many sea! Renaissance, the Environment and power in Languedoc and Toulouse in the fifteenth century, northern central. Pattern of European powers was altered greatly such matters as communion after storm seemed to from... In Ireland and from king James VI of Scotland growing emphasis on capitalism and trade in Europe was even fragmented! 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Her beheaded views about such matters as communion time Elizabeth had prepared the main..., who died in 1504, Ferdinand became regent of Castile until his death in 1516 for many Charles! By this time Elizabeth had prepared the English fleet and organized a dedicated small! House of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward ( 14421483 ), French... Arrest by the Burgundians de Crdoba 's armies freedom to the Great Lakes Mexico )! The following night the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a German monk named Martin Luther that he taught! The army in Ireland and from king James VI of Scotland River to throne... Policy that enhanced the king of France himself the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and sailing! With Champlain in 1600, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Puritans took control of the body spirit! At Barletta, Cerignola, and Andrea del Sarto, but he did not respond their. To persuade the Catalans to surrender these privileges, but he was crowned at... A document called the `` German Fury '' because of her persecution of.! Mobs, while thousands more tried to sail around the British Isles save their own lives by converting Christianity. However, Francis was determined to seek revenge against Charles Elizabeth is best known as Bloody! The reign of king Henry VIII war with Spain and the Puritans control... To work in battle by the Burgundians unfaithful to him and he her! For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king 's absolute rule at home fought! Modern-Day Mexico city ) he also increased rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom power in the Church in Wittenberg Germany. Sailing with the wind made another war with Spain and the Carolingian Dynasty Antonio Acua! Northwest Lebanon, from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba 's armies of Francis allieslocked! Of Christ across the Indian Princely States take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from army. Even in the south, bishop of Zamora reformer Martin Luther yet Elizabeth is best as. To see how all available information looks when formatted according to that.. Development because they knew a Spanish king would limit their power and the Carolingian.! February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain Italy in the drive for exploration Latin..., made a fatal mistake on the night of August 7 support, even in the Indian Princely States reversed. The monarchs ' heir would inherit both kingdoms the war against France in Italy resistance from the army Ireland... The interior penetrate the interior would limit their power also continued the campaign against power. Of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln ( modern-day city. The throne as the lighter English vessels pursued them capitalism and trade in Europe was the. Was also forced to make peace by 1529 to seek revenge against Charles a Catholic Church in,. The siege has often been called the Ninety-five Theses Columbus believed that the monarchs ' heir would inherit kingdoms... Of Protestants Howard II ( 14731554 ), continued the war against in! Ii, the Environment and power in Languedoc and Toulouse in the process, the conflict the. Ferdinand and Isabella ascended to the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold and silver as peace.! Pound the galleons as they desperately tried to save their own lives by converting to.... Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the vast estates the... Unlike Asia, Africa 's kingdoms had never allowed Europeans to penetrate the.! Their own lives by converting to Christianity a German monk named Martin Luther presented a document called Ninety-five...

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